Chapter 11

Which of the following accurately describes the pull factors for 20th century Mexican labor migrations to the U.S?

After the great depression, the U.S the bracero program attracted Mexicans and created the second wave of Mexican labor migrants

Literally translated, it means "neighborhood."

Barrio

What is the literal translated for the term barrio and what other term is used to describe this settlement pattern?

Barrios mean suburbs. They are also referred to as colonias

This operation included only a small proportion of Cuban prisoners but was viewed as Castro "emptying his jails.

Mariel Boatlift

What important role did the railroads play in the demand for Mexican labor in the same period?

Mexicans were needed because of factory and mining employment and railroad construction

More Bolivians reside in metropolitan Washington D.C. than anywhere else in the U.S. within Metro D.C., however, they are:

More likely to live in the suburbs than in the city of D.C

Mexican Americans have been stereotyped as a rural population. Is this accurate?

No. Mexican American also live in metropolitan areas

This U.S - Puerto Rican program was designed to reduce reliance on agricultural employment and create manufacturing jobs?

Operation bootstrap

During the 1920's, nearly 41,000 additional Puerto Ricans migrated to the US mainland. What two factors prompted this surge?

Post WWII Economic Boom and the 1924 INA (quota system)

After a growth of net migration to the U.S mainland from the island in the 1980s, the 1990s again witnessed a slowing of Puerto Rican migration to the mainland. Why?

Puerto Rican officials and the U.S coast guard who worked to curtail illegal immigration from the Dominican Republic, many who would take on Puerto Rican identities and then move again to the U.S

Held the status as New York City's majority Hispanic group until 1990.

Puerto Ricans

Which of the following was an employment opportunity that generated Mexican labor migration between 1900 and 1930?

Railroad construction Irrigation projects Factory work

Connected (physical network) the Southwest of the U.S. into the American industrial economy and increased the demand for Mexican labor as a result.

Railroads

What employment opportunities generated Mexican labor migration between 1900 and 1930?

Railroads Irrigation projects Factory work

An Action by social-politcal institutions that led to increased economic opportunities for Puerto Ricans on the U.S mainland?

Recruitment efforts by the Puerto Rican Department of labor

Name of this region of early Hispanic settlers and the ancestors of Mexican Americans, it contains New Mexico, which held the largest Hispanic population in 1821.

South western united states from Texas to California

Although the 1980's was a decade of net migration from Puerto Rico to the U.S. mainland, a slowing of Puerto Rican migration occurred in the 1990's because:

The U.S took actions to slow the illegal migration of Dominicans to the U.S through Puerto Rico

This accurately describes the mainland settlement geography of Puerto Ricans by 1980.

The majority of 1st and 2nd generation Puerto Ricans resided in 11 states and the Northeast held their largest single concentration

In which U.S region has the Hispanic population growth been most rapid in recent decades?

The south

Bolivian villages that have migrants working in Washington, D.C. are "easily spotted" because:

These migrants send remittances that allows for new home construction and material goods

Which of the following is (are) aspects of the Bolivians in Washington, D.C?

These were economic immigrants who came for economic opportunities & They built extensive social networks between D.C and their homelands which support future Bolivian immigrants

20. Who were the "Golden Exiles" and what did this imply about the first wave of Cuban refugees after Castro took power?

a. The 1959 to 1962 era of Cuban immigration to the U.S b. Implication was that the majority were former members of the elite classes in Cuba c. Partly correct, refugees were a diverse group

The filtering down of housing from a higher to a lower-income group is one reason for this settlement pattern of Mexicans in Borderland cities.

highly segregated barrios

This is the new Bolivian racial identity in D.C.

non-white hispanic

These are examples of Bolivian social spaces in D.C that provide a network that maintains ethnicity and a tie to the homeland

Village based associations Soccer leagues Folkloric dance groups

What was operation Bootstrap and why was it significant?

Was to attract corporations from the mainland in an effort to reduce Puerto Rican unemployment and dependence on the agricultural economy

Describe Cuban settlement geography in the U.S?

a. 2/3 live in Florida b. The next largest state is New Jersey, Cali, Texas

What six factors contributed to the rapid increase in the Puerto Rican migration to the mainland after WWII?

a. Backlog of people that wanted to live on the mainland but couldn't because of the war b. Many Puerto Rican men fought in WWII and developed an awareness of the opportunities in the U.S c. Puerto Rican born residents provided information to friends and family back home and helped new arrivals find jobs, and offered place to stay and food for new migrants. d. PR government created a migration decision within its department of labor that facilitated movement to the mainland and assisted new arrivals in making the necessary adjustments. e. Cost and effort traveling to NYC were greatly reduced f. Heavy population growth in PR was creating population pressure and heavy strains on the island's labor force capacity. g. Shift in the island's occupational structure was beginning to take place

What reasons are given for the migration of Cubans to the U.S, rather than to the nearby Latin American nations?

a. By the mid 1800s there had developed a sizeable exodus of Cubans in response to the political turmoil on the island. Key West, Tampa, and NYC became places of refuge for Cuban political exiles that were plotting to overthrow Spanish rulers b. American entrepreneurs and businessmen played a major role in reviving the Cuban economy after the Spanish-American War and Cuba's independence from Spain.

Five states were the destinations for the majority of illegal Latino immigrants. Which two had the highest numbers?

a. California - top two b. Texas - top two c. Florida d. New York e. New Jersey

What are the three chief arguments of the anti-immigration groups, who wish to limit Latino immigration?

a. Decreases wages and increased unemployment b. "Freeload" on social services c. Unable to contribute economically

Only 1500 Puerto Ricans were counted on the U.S mainland in the 1910 U.S census. During the 1920s, nearly 41,000 additional Puerto Ricans migrated there. What two factors prompted this surge?

a. Economic boom b. Limitations placed upon European immigration through the immigration Act of 1924

A number of non-western states had few illegal Latino immigrants which two had the highest numbers?

a. Illinois b. Georgia

Describe Puerto Rican settlement geography on the U.S mainland?

a. Large cities, central cities of large metropolitan areas, and suburbs i. NY, NJ, and Connecticut ii. Illinois, mainly industrial area of Chicago and northwest Indiana b. Primary area of concentration tended to be adjacent to the major areas of Black settlement within the city c. Puerto Ricans did not numerically dominate the neighborhoods in which they lived to the same degree as other immigrants did in the past d. Amount of segregation within the Puerto Rican population based upon different levels of economic achievement

What was the "Mariel Boatlift" and why was it not welcomed by Florida?

a. Mass emigration of Cubans who departed from Cuba's Mariel harbor for the U.S between April-September 1980 b. Not welcomed bc people thought that Castro was using it as a way to empty his jails and mental hospitals c. U.S economy was undergoing a recession d. Housing shortage = high rents e. Public favor in reducing immigration f. 70-75% of the refugees settled in southern Florida (Dade County)

What metropolitan regions in two different states are home to the majority of Cubans residing in the U.S?

a. Miami, Florida b. Union City- West, New York in New Jersey

This is how the immigrant Bolivian socio-economic profile compares to a native-born American's profile.

Generally more educated but lower incomes

Describe the patterns that explain how barrios and other Mexican-American settlements became highly segregated in Borderland central cities.

Geographic isolation, housing restriction, and voluntary congregation

One of the two southern states that attracted the highest number of illegal latino immigrants by the year 2000

Georgia

Often generalized as the elite of 1st wave of Cuban refugees to the U.S

Golden Exiles

Transnational communities in American gateways often are NOT ethnic enclaves. Rather, they are dispersed but linked by functions (activities) in places that support and maintain their ethnicity. This is an example of what settlement type?

Heterolocalism

This contributed to the increased migration of Puerto Ricans to the U.S. mainland after World War II.

Increased awareness of economic opportunities due to military training of Puerto Ricans on the U.S mainland

Which of the following statements accurately describe aspects of the Mexican-American population since WWII?

It is largely concentrated in the borderland region Since WWII, Mexican Americans settled in industrial Midwestern states such as Illinois and Ohio Mexican Americans also reside in major agricultural areas of the pacific Northwest, such as in Oregon's Willamente Valley

This was a factor in the rapid increase in the Washington , D.C (henceforth called D.C.) Bolivian population since 1980.

Jobs, including employment in the ethnic economy

An argument made by anti-immigrant groups that supports the creation of limits for Latino immigrants.

Latino immigrants are a strain on social services (tax burdens) & Contemporary Latino immigrants have an allegiance to homeland that exceeds that of former immigrant groups.

Although there was no major Latino concentration in Dade County (Miami) prior to 1959, Cubans revitalized and dominated what new Miami neighborhood?

Little Havana

Miami neighborhood revitalized by Cuban immigrants.

Little havana

This is a region of early Hispanic settlers. It had the largest Hispanic population in 1821 and now contains the state of New Mexico.

Borderlands

This U.S federal program followed the Great Depression and led to an increased number of Mexicans living in the U.S.

Bracero

After the reverse Mexican migration slowed the growth of Mexican-U.S population in the 1930s, what federal program in the 1940s spurred an increase in future Mexican legal and illegal immigration to the U.S?

Bracero Program, a contract farm labor program that brought Mexican laborers to agricultural areas in the U.S to bolster labor shortages brought on by WWII.

This state has the largest number of Mexicans and Mexican Americans.

California

Today a state, this was the last area of the region (Number 1 above) to be settled by Spanish and Mexican people in the late 1700s and early 1800s. This was a reaction to the perceived threat of Russian and British intrusion into the region.

California

These two states contain the largest number of Mexican Americans.

California and Texas

First source nation that provided Hispanic refugees to U.S as "nation of first asylum"

Cuba

This group has been the third largest Latino culture in the U.S but recently has been challenged for that position by other Latino immigrant groups.

Cubans

This is the third largest group of Latino ancestry living on the U.S mainland. They also are the first Latino group to move to the U.S as their nation of first asylum.

Cubans

After the Cuban Revolution in 1959, Cubans migrated to the U.S. rather than to nearby Latin American countries. The reasons given in your required reading included:

Cubans had become linked to the U.S by the settlement of earlier Cuban exiles in Florida and New York & Business investments after the Spanish-American War had ties Cuba to the U.S economy

Contemporary Cuban-American settlement geography includes:

Cubans, unlike Mexicans and Puerto Ricans, are becoming more concentrated in their settlement locations

This describes the result of active participation in transnational activities. The creation of __________.

Transnational communities

When Portes stated "What people have done in response to the Process of globalization is to create communities that sit astride political borders and that, in a real sense, is neither here nor there," he was referring to:

Transnational communities

This concept has been described as a process by which immigrants form and sustain linkage between their homeland and present location by use of social fields.

Transnationalism

This concept refers to the process experienced by many international Migrants wherein they build networks and relationships between their home country and their new nation.

Transnationalism

Southern Florida (Miami) is the location of the highest number of Cuban Americans. This place is the area second (after #1 South Florida) in rank in the U.S. for the number of Cubans residing there.

Union City, NJ

What is the "neighborhood gap"? Where, regionally, is the neighborhood gap the greatest? Besides in housing, how does the neighborhood gap become manifested?

a. The gap is greatest in the northeast between Latinos and Whites b. Neighborhood gap is the difference in income in neighborhoods based on race c. Neighborhood gaps manifest themselves in the quality of schools and school segregation between Latinos and whites

During the 1960s and 1970s, Puerto Rican migration to the mainland slowed and the most migration was substantially lowered from the previous period. Why?

a. There was narrowing of the income differentials between the U.S and Puerto rice b. The push factors in Puerto Rico were reduced as the standard of living began to improve due to the efforts of Operation Bootstrap c. Significant amount of return migration developed that partially offset the emigration from PR