Chapter 11

Mastery Experiences

Our own direct experiences- the most powerful source of efficacy information.

Self-Regulation

Process of activating and sustaining thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in order to reach goals.

When a student participates in cognitive behavior​ modification, he or​ she:

is taught to use self-talk to regulate behavior.

Ripple Effect

"Contagious" spreading of behaviors through imitation.

Social Persuasion

A "pep talk" or specific performance feedback- one source of self-efficacy.

Self-Efficacy

A person's sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task. Beliefs about personal competence in a particular situation. "Context Specific" Varies depending on the subject or task.

Grit

A personality trait characterized by determination and persistence.

Teachers' Sense of Efficacy

A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn.

Co-Regulation

A transitional phase during which students gradually appropriate self-regulated learning and skills through modeling, direct teaching, feedback, and coaching from teachers, parents, or peers.

Vicarious Experiences

Accomplishments that are modeled by someone else.

Which one of the following children most clearly shows a low level of​ self-efficacy?

Carol doesn't think she has the ability to do her art project successfully.

Modeling

Changes in behavior, thinking, or emotions that happen through observing another person- a model.

Self-Reinforcement

Controlling (selecting and administering) your own reinforcers.

Guidelines for Encouraging Emotional Self-Regulation

Create a climate of trust in your classroom. Help students recognize and express their feelings. Help students recognize emotions in others, and develop empathy and compassion. Provide strategies for coping with emotions. Help students recognize cultural differences in emotional expression.

Dwayne sees that a good friend in his class is caught cheating on a homework​ assignment, but the friend suffers no consequences for doing​ so, even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy. From a social cognitive​ perspective, which one of the following predictions can we make about​ Dwayne's future​ behavior?

Dwayne will be more likely to cheat on homework in the future.

Guidelines for Encouraging Self-Efficacy

Emphasize students' progress in a particular area. Set learning goals for your students, and model a mastery orientation for them. Make specific suggestions for improvement, and revise grades when improvements are made. Stress connections between past efforts and past accomplishments.

Three of the following are likely to increase a​ student's internalized motivation and​ self-efficacy about performing a difficult gymnastic stunt. Which one is LEAST likely to enhance the​ student's self-efficacy for the​ stunt?

Having a lot of practice in other sports, such as swimming and soccer.

​"I know that my skills in English are​ great," Chris declared to her brother.​ "I received a perfect score on the verbal part of the​ SAT, and I have always excelled in my literature​ classes." Chris is demonstrating which of the​ following?

High self-efficacy in English

Vicarious Reinforcement

Increasing the chances that we will repeat a behavior by observing another person being reinforced for that behavior.

Observational Learning

Learning through modeling and observing others

Enactive Learning

Learning through reinforcement and punishment of your own behaviors

Various learning theorists have different views of the role of the student in learning. Which theorists are more similar in their views of the​ student's role?

Lev Vygotsky and Albert Bandura

Guidelines for Using Observational Learning

Model behaviors and attitudes you want your students to learn. Use peers, especially class leaders, as models. Make sure students see that positive behaviors lead to reinforcement for others. Enlist the help of class leaders in modeling behaviors for the entire class.

Three of the following alternatives depict situations in which a teacher is facilitating the retention element of modeling. Which one does NOT depict the retention​ element?

Mr. Byers​ suggests, "Let's play some background music while I show you how to use the dipstick to measure your oil​ level."

Which​ teacher's practice is most effective in supporting student​ self-regulation in​ learning?

Mr.​ Sutton's students help develop the rubric for grading their essays

Joanna has an important English exam coming up in 2​ days, but she still has not completed the reading for the test. She needs to finish The Things They Carried and read almost all of On The Road​, and she also needs to review the material from earlier in the semester. She knows that if she does not do well on this​ exam, her chances of getting an​ "A" will​ vanish, and she may even get a​ "B-" or a​ "C" in the class.​ Still, Joanna cannot seem to make herself sit down and do her​ work, even though she is anxious about the test. Which of the following is likely to be the case for​ Joanna?

She is lacking in volition.

According to which of the following learning theories do peers serve as models and as a necessary part of knowledge​ construction?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura)

Theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectations to social learning theory. Social- Role of other people serving as models and teachers Cognitive- Thinking, believing, expecting, anticipating, self-regulating, making comparisons and judgments Dynamic theory that explains human adaptation, learning, and motivation.

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others.

Miss Hutton turned around with a scowl on her face and faced her​ second-graders. "What do you think you are​ doing, Johnny? Did I tell you to get out of your​ seat? Do not let me ever catch you up without​ permission." The class sat silently with their eyes wide. When the lunch bell rang an hour​ later, not one of the children dared to move from their seats. This is an example of which one of the​ following?

Vicarious Learning

Knowledge is seen as a fixed body of​ facts, skills, and concepts​ by:

behavioral and cognitive theorists.

Ms. Freeman tells her​ students, "You can do​ this! You can have this play ready by the Friday​ opening-night performance." According to social cognitive​ theory, this type of social persuasion is likely​ to:

encourage the students to feel confident as they put out a strong effort.

Relationship Skills

establishing and maintaining healthy and rewarding relationships based on cooperation; resisting inappropriate social pressure; preventing, managing, and resolving interpersonal conflict; seeking help when needed

Constructivist theorists see the​ teacher's primary role in the classroom​ as:

facilitator.

The​ "social" part of social cognitive theory​ emphasizes:

learning by observing others.

You are an​ eighth-grade teacher in the middle of leading your students through a complicated science experiment. The students are beginning to seem discouraged and are starting to lose interest because the procedure is difficult. Of the​ following, the best way to increase your​ students' sense of​ self-efficacy is​ to:

make sure they have mastery experiences, or personal experiences of success.

Responsible Decision Making

making decisions based on consideration of ethical standards, safety concerns, appropriate social norms, respect for others, and likely consequences of various actions; applying decision-making skills to academic and social situations; contributing to the well-being of one's school and community

Assessment practices that best support the development of​ self-regulated learning​ are:

nonthreatening opportunities that encourage additional learning.

The five core social and emotional skills and competencies essential to emotional​ self-regulation include​ self-awareness, self-management, social​ awareness, relationship​ skills, and:

responsible decision making.

Of the four elements that Bandura proposed are essential parts of observational​ learning, practice is part​ of:

retention and production.

The​ "ripple effect" occurs in the classroom when​ students:

see the consequences of a​ high-status student's behavior and become more or less willing to engage in the same behavior.

Within social cognitive​ theory, vicarious reinforcement refers​ to:

seeing someone else rewarded for a behavior and then performing the behavior yourself.

Self-Regulated Learning

A view of learning as skills and will applied to analyzing learning tasks, setting goals and planning how to do the task, applying skills, and especially making adjustments about how learning is carried out.

Which of the following students most clearly appears to be in the forethought phase of​ self-regulated learning?

Alexia knows​ she's not very good at​ geometry, so she selects the project option that requires a modest amount of work but​ won't award her an A.

Triadic Reciprocal Causality

An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and the environment on each other. Dynamic interplay among: personal, environmental, and behavioral influences.

Elements of Observational Learning:

Attention Retention Production Motivation and Reinforcement

Physiological or Emotional Arousal

Physical and psychological reactions causing a person to feel alert, attentive, wide awake, excited, or tense.

Cognitive Behavior Modification

Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and self-instruction.

Direct Reinforcement

Reinforcement given after successful completion of a task.

Ms. Sterling is a​ third-grade teacher with one​ student, Levi, who cannot seem to do his work without constantly talking and getting out of his seat. Ms. Sterling decides to implement a program of cognitive behavior modification with Levi. Under this​ system, which of the following will Ms. Sterling​ do?

She will teach Levi to engage in​ self-talk to regulate his own behavior.

Modeling is defined as changes in​ behavior, thinking, or emotions that happen through observing another person. Which theory and theorist are associated with learning through​ observation?

Social cognitive​ theory, Bandura

​Mauricio's mother is worried that when Mauricio sees his uncle smoking​ cigarettes, he will want to do the same.​ However, Mauricio does not seem​ interested, and his​ mother's fears turn out to be unfounded. Which of the following statements best explains why students do not learn from observing everyone in their​ environment?

Students are selective in who they​ observe, and they attend to those individuals they perceive to be role models.

Shared Regulation

Students working together to regulate each other through reminders,

Self-Instruction

Talking oneself through the steps of a task.

Human Agency (Bandura)

The capacity to coordinate learning skills, motivation, and emotions to reach your goals.

Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to be effective in teaching emotional​ self-regulation?

When two students begin to argue about who did the most work on a group​ assignment, the teacher​ says, "Now just stop fighting.​ It's not important to decide who works​ harder."

Volition

Will power; self-discipline; work styles that protect opportunities to reach goals by applying self-regulated learning.

Of the​ following, the activity that is most likely to encourage students to develop a sense of efficacy for learning​ is:

a semester-long project in which students make most of the key decisions.

Self Awareness

accurately assessing your feelings, interests, values, and strengths; maintaining a well-grounded sense of self-confidence

Behaviorist theories of learning see the role of the​ student, in​ part, as:

active listener and direction-follower

From a design point of​ view, a complex task is best described as one​ that:

addresses multiple learning targets.

Shizuko is very unsure of herself in science​ class, and so her teacher provides frequent feedback that encourages Shizuko to take some risks and reflect on the outcomes. Within a few​ weeks, Shizuko shows greater​ self-efficacy not only in science but in her other classes as well. From the perspective of triadic reciprocal​ causality, the teacher feedback would best be​ considered:

an interplay among behavioral, personal, and environmental factors.

Within a system of triadic reciprocal​ causality, the behavior of any individual student​ affects:

aspects of the instruction that the student receives and the​ student's achievement

Kendra has very little confidence in her ability to do well in her English literature class. She has not mastered skills that her peers have mastered. Based on research about the effects of​ self-efficacy, we can reasonably predict that Kendra is likely to do all of the following things​ EXCEPT:

exert a lot of effort in her literature class.

Karla has high​ self-efficacy regarding her ability to recall important dates in history. In other​ words, Karla:

has a positive assessment of her ability to be successful in this particular task.

Research suggests that teachers who participate in mindfulness training are more likely than their peers​ to:

have higher self-efficacy scores.

When Juan sees his best friend punished for skipping​ class, Juan decides not to skip​ class, at least not any time soon. The best explanation for​ Juan's choice is​ that:

he has an expectation that skipping class will have a negative outcome.

One of the best ways to prevent or reduce teacher burnout is​ to:

help teachers enhance their emotional self-regulation skills.

The theory that most clearly proposes that learning involves application of effective strategies to acquire a fixed body of knowledge​ is:

information processing theory.

Mr. Uher assigns students to work in​ pairs, carefully selecting the pairs so that every pair has one student who can serve as a coping model. This type of pairing is best used​ when:

one student needs to see another work through problems slowly and correct errors as he goes along.

One of your fellow​ teachers, Mrs.​ Morales, is having trouble managing her classroom. She​ says, "I am tired of always having to keep everyone in line. How do you get your students to​ self-regulate?" You might suggest to Mrs. Morales that one way teachers can encourage student​ self-regulation is​ to:

provide students with choices about what and how they will learn.

Of the​ following, the strongest criticism of the idea that​ "grittier" people are ultimately more successful in school is​ that:

recent research​ doesn't show a strong connection between grit and academic success.

Self-Management

regulating your emotions to handle stress, control impulses, and persevere in overcoming obstacles; setting and monitoring progress toward personal and academic goals; expressing emotions appropriately

​Mischel's well-known​ "marshmallow study" demonstrated that children differ in terms of​ their:

self-control

Joey says to​ himself, "I really do not want to do my homework now.​ It's Friday​ night, but I know​ I'll feel good on Saturday when I​ don't have any homework left.​ Then, I can play soccer and not worry about anything. I guess I will go ahead and do it​ now." The process he uses to activate his​ thoughts, behaviors, and emotions to reach his goals is referred to​ as:

self-regulation

The learning theory that is most likely to emphasize the importance of​ self-efficacy and​ self-regulation is:

social cognitive theory

Triadic reciprocal causality is the system of interactions at work​ in:

social cognitive theory

Albert Bandura criticized behavioral views of learning in his early work and focused​ on:

social modeling

Social Awareness

taking the perspective of and empathizing with others; recognizing and appreciating individual and group similarities and differences; recognizing and using family, school, and community resources

Cognitive theorists argue that the​ teacher's primary role in the classroom is​ to:

teach and model effective learning strategies.

​Teachers' sense of efficacy is important because it​ predicts:

the goals set by the teacher and subsequent persistence when situations become difficult.

You watch another teacher successfully teach her students how to use the new digital scanning device in the physics​ lab, and you​ say, "If she can do​ it, I can do​ it." This indicates that your​ self-efficacy is influenced​ by:

vicarious experiences.

Through observational learning​, one learns how to perform a behavior and also what will happen in specific situations if one performs it. Observation can be a very efficient learning process. Which four elements must be met in order to learn from​ observation?

​Attention, retention,​ production, motivation and reinforcement

Ella is at the grocery store with her​ 5-year-old daughter, Kirsten. Kirsten sees a colorful box of sugary cereal and asks if they can buy it. When Ella says​ no, Kirsten begins to​ whine, repeatedly asking​ "why not" and saying​ "but I WANT​ it." Ella is afraid that Kirsten will have a​ full-blown tantrum in the​ store, and she carefully weighs the benefits of buying the cereal​ (Kirsten will stop​ whining) and the risks​ (Kirsten will be reinforced for​ whining, and the cereal​ isn't really good for​ her). Ultimately, she decides to buy the​ cereal, just this once. From the perspective of triadic reciprocal​ causality, the best example of how environmental factors influence personal factors in this scenario​ is:

​Ella's motivation to calm her daughter was affected by the fact they were in the grocery store.