Chapter 11 homework

diet and weight are related to overall happiness in which of the following ways?

(life satisfaction) long-term weight loss is related to increases in life satisfaction; being overwight is associated with low life satisfaction

approximately ______% of people have a BMI that is misleading in terms of describing their overall fitness

18

what is the idea body mass index (BMI)?

20-25

in 2008, about ______ of adult americans were obese

33%

the researcher, Paul ______, provided evidence that emotions and do not differ significantly from one culture to another

Ekman

the james-lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are ______

a reaction to changing physiological states

the need for ______ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence

achievement

______ ______ is the field developed to studying the brain's role in emotion

affective neuroscience

the need for______ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people

affiliation

peoplewith damage to this brain structure do not show normal psychological reactions under fear conditioning. what is it?

amygdala

the ______ is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear

amygdala

in a study involving adolescent participants, researchers were interested in gender differences in emotional facial expressions. which of the following was NOT an emotion where girls showed more facial expression than boys?

anger

marilyn is obsessed with staying thin and become very concerned if she gains a single pound. in order to stay thin she tries to consume no more than 700 calories a day. marilyn probably suffers from ______

anorexia nervosa

in defining emotion as a process, an ______ event is a situation that may lead to an emotional response

antecedent

each of the highlighted areas on the picture play an important role in emotion. which area, colored in red, is active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences and in the pain experienced with social exclusion or rejection?

anterior cingulate cortex

with regard to the process of emotion, ______ is the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare

appraisal

the ______ nervous system governs structures and processes over which we have little conscious control, such as changes in heart rate and blood pressure

autonomic

the physiological system responsible for the changes that occur during an emotional response, such as increases in heart rate and respiration, is the ______ nervous system

autonomic

one important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the ______

blood

the hypothalamus monitors ______ levels to determine when it is time to eat

blood glucose

which of the following represents the main criticism of the james-lange theory of emotion?

bodily feedback is not specific enough to account for the variety of emotional experience

______ ______ ______ is calculated by dividing weight by height to yield a weight-height ratio

body mass index

the use of which product has possibel implications for the facial feedback hypothesis?

botox

a person who engages in a binge-purge pattern of eating behavior may suffer from ______ nervosa

bulimia

______ of the stomach occur(s) when the stomach and small intestine have been relatively empty for about two hours

contractions

the fact that Icelanders eat raw whale blubber pickled in whey and Mexicans eat cow brains and tongue are examples of the influence of ______ on eating

culture

in achievement motivation, what are the factors important to incentive value?

difficulty of the task and importance of succeeding

______ rules are learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotions and to whojm one should show them

display

happiness is a universally expressed emotion, but when, where, and how it is exhibited may vary from one culture to another. this is an example of the cultural-specificity of ______ rules

display

______ help to explain observed cultural variability in emotional expression (such as why samurai women smile broadly when learning their husbands or sons died in battle)

display rules

if you can distinguish which emotions are socially appropriate at weddings and at funerals, you have knowledge of ______

display rules

a(n) ______ is the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need

drive

six year-old brian is giggly and feelin self-conscious after he violates a social norm in school and the other children look at him. he's experiencing which self-conscious emotion?

embarrassment

questionnaires like the EQ-I and the MSCEIT were designed to measure ______

emotional intelligence

according to the neurocultural theory of emotion, which of the following are examples of aspects of emotion that vary culture to culture?

emotional regulation; appraisal of emotion-inducing stimuli

extrinsic motivation, instrinsic motivation, and organizational support are three models of ______ motivation

employee

according to the text, training in emotional skills provides which of the following benefits?

enhances cognitive performance; improves emotional behavior; enhances school performance

the major sign of the ______ phase is vaginal lubrication for women and erection for men

excitment

list the phases of sexual arousal:

excitment, plateu, orgasm, and resolution

atkinson argued that the tendency to achieve success is a function of three factors. if Yvonne believes she is very likely to achieve success in school and earn good grades, which factor is she demostrating?

expectation of success

______ ______ is a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion

expressive suppression

______ is a strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion

expressive suppression

which of the following are types of emotion regulation?

expressive suppression; reappraisal

the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the ______ hypothesis

facial feedback

true/false: biological factors fully explain our eating behavior

false

true/false: endocannabinoids help to suppress appetite

false

Darwin hypothesized that the facial expression associated with ______ had a function; to enable people to respond more quickly to the situation

fear

in general, women show greater left amygdala activation for ______, whereas men shoe greater activation in the same area for ______

fear and negative emotion; positive emotion

a ______ is defined as a person who lives life well

flourisher

which hormone communicates feelings of hunger of the brain?

ghrelin

______ results from gastric secretions that are activated by the brain when we think of, see, or smell food

growling

although many facial expressions of emotion are understood universally, ______ is the emotion that is most recognizable

happiness

does money make people happier?

having more money does make those driven by money slightly happier

when given a dose of the neuropeptide oxytocin, people are more likely to ______

help others; show greater generosity toward others

which of the following correlate positively with emotional intelligence?

higher GPA in adolecent boys and girls; less job burnout in teachers; better coping with stress; improvements in mental and physical health

ghrelin is a ______ that communicates feeling of hunger to the brain

hormone

the ______ appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions

hypothalamus

the ______ is the brain structure crucial to sexual behavior. in particular, lesions on part of this brain area have led to decreases in sexual behavior, while electrical stimulation of this area may lead to increased sexual behavior

hypothalamus

the PATHS program has resulted in which of the following?

improvements in classroom functioning; reduction in aggressive behaviors in children; fewer depressive symptoms in special-needs children

people with non-competitive goals, such as spending time with family and friends, experience which of the following?

increased happiness over time

the subjects in Elkman's facial feedback experiments experienced which of the following when professional actors made angry facial expressions?

increased heart rate; increased body temperature

the ______ is the brain structure most involved in interoception and plays an important role during the experience of pain and empathy for another's pain

insula

emotional ______ is defined as empathetic understanding and the ability to recognize and to regulate emotions in oneself and others

intelligence

when we eat is primarily influenced by ______ factors, while what we eat is mostly influenced by ______ factors

internal; external

people who have "well-lived lives" are most often driven by ______ motivation in doing the things they find inherently enjoyable

intrinsic

the fact that "stomach sensations" are associated with the emotion of disgust and a lump in your throat signifies sadness provides support for which theory of emotion?

james-lange theory

several studies suggest that the ______ (name a specific region/area) prefrontal cortex is more involved in the experience of positive emotions than the ______ (name a different region/area)

left; right

______ is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY, thereby signaling the body that it has enough to eat

leptin

in the hypothalamus, the "stop eating" neurons are regulated by ______

leptin and ghrelin

an overall evaluation we have of our lives is called ______

life satisfaction

evidence suggests that a core set of facial expressions of emotion are universal because ______

many facial expressions are recognized accross cultures

______ have more positive attitudes about casual sex

men

for which gender is the only assured contribution to parenthood the act of sex itself?

men

which factor on the tendency to achieve success involves the extent to which you really want to be successful?

motivation to succeed

which of the following stimulate hunger?

neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ghrelin

you are walking alone in a forest at night with a flashlight. you drop and break your flashlight, and your hands begin to tremble. according to the james-lange theory, you are afraid because you ______

notice your hands begin to tremble

according to the ______ ______ theory, if pregnant results from sexual intercource, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women

parental investment

which of the following is FALSE about the relationship between happiness and factors related to meaning in life?

peopel with more money tend to find greater meaning in life and, thus, greater happiness

which of the following is/are true with regard to the relationship between the stomach and hunger?

people who have their stomachs removed for medical reasons still experience hunger; stomach contractions correspond with hunger pangs, but they do not cause hunger

______ is an employee's belief about how much the organization appreciates and supports his or her contributions and well-being

percieved organizational support

which of the following does the emotional response not include?

personality changes

increases in heart rate and respiration are examples of ______ changes produced by emotions

physiological

list the emotional responses:

physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes

which of the following is true with respect to sex differences in how the brain processes emotion?

pictures of animal/human attacks evoke greater amygdala activation in men compared to women

unlike men, women may stay in the ______ phase and then pass to the ______ phase without orgasm

plateau; resolution

due to its involvement in planning, impulse control, and working memory, the ______ plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion

prefrontal cortex

when an individual reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results, he or she has engaged in the emotion-regulation strategy of ______

reappraisal

emotion _______ refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions

regulation

______ glucose levels stimulate insulin production by the pancreas, which, in the long run, leads to hunger ______

rising; decreasing

life ______ is the term used to describe an overall evaluation we have of our lives

satisfaction

Maslow's hierarchy of needs from highest to lowest

self-actualization, esteem needs, love and belongingness needs, saftey and security needs, psychological needs

which type of society places formal prohibitions on pre-and extramarital sex that are not strictly enforced?

semirestrictive

actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals which may or may not involve orgasm is called ______ ______

sexual behavior

______ is the dispositionto be attracted to either the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes

sexual orientation

based on classical conditioning research with rats, which areas of the amygdala appear to be the most involved in fear conditioning?

side; middle

______ learning reflects strategies for regulating emotion in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and improve academic performance

socioemotional

the PATHS program was developed to help improve ______

sociomotional learning

in one study, researchers stimulated the insula in people with deep brain implants. researchers found that ______

stimulating the insula impaired recodnition of disgust expression, but did not impair recognition of other facial expressions

during an emotional response, changes occur in the quality of our conscious experience. these make up the ______ experience of emotion

subjective

which hormone controls sex drive in both men and women?

testosterone

women are better than men at accurately recognizing emotional information about fear and disgust using

the face alone; the voice alone; and both together

which of the following brain areas are activated when participants view disgusting scenes?

the insula; the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

most evidence in dieting research suggests that dieting does not work for ______

the long-term

which of the following are true differences between men and women with regard to the plateau phase of sexual arousal?

the phase is almost always followed by orgasm in men; the phase generally lasts longer in women

the case of Phineas Gage provided early evidece of the importance of which brain area as involved in emotion and personality?

the prefrontal cortex

definition of metabolism

the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body

what are the four biological components of hunger?

the stomach; the blood; the brain; and hormones and neurochemicals

our culture has an obsession with being ______ which may play a role in the development of eating disorders

thin

true/false: "motherese" provides evidence of the universality of vocalizations of emotion

true

true/false: for many years, scientists suspected that socialcultural factors, such as media images of thin women and family pressures, were the central determinants of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. but since the 1980s, researchers have examined the interplay of social and biological factors in eating disorders

true

true/false: social factors, such as falling in love or fighting with a friend, can affect eating behavior

true

true/false: the more often people eat certain foods, the more they like them

true

although it is never a good idea to make broad generalizations based on small sample sizes, which of the following brain abnormalities have been found in violent criminals such as charles whitman?

tumors of the amygdala

each emotion creates a different subjective experience, and each produces a(n) ______ feeling

unique

______ means common to all human beings

universal

life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and positive and negative affect comprise the state known as subject ______

well-being

according to the parental investment theory, hcih gender should be less motivated for sex?

women

who talks more about emotions - men or women?

women

______ are more emotionally expressive and tend to smile more often then ______

women; men

you hear a suspicious noise as you are walking to your car late at night. your heart begins to pound. according to James-Lange theory, you are afraid because ______

your heart begins to pound