Chapter 11 homework
diet and weight are related to overall happiness in which of the following ways?
(life satisfaction) long-term weight loss is related to increases in life satisfaction; being overwight is associated with low life satisfaction
approximately ______% of people have a BMI that is misleading in terms of describing their overall fitness
18
what is the idea body mass index (BMI)?
20-25
in 2008, about ______ of adult americans were obese
33%
the researcher, Paul ______, provided evidence that emotions and do not differ significantly from one culture to another
Ekman
the james-lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are ______
a reaction to changing physiological states
the need for ______ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence
achievement
______ ______ is the field developed to studying the brain's role in emotion
affective neuroscience
the need for______ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
affiliation
peoplewith damage to this brain structure do not show normal psychological reactions under fear conditioning. what is it?
amygdala
the ______ is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear
amygdala
in a study involving adolescent participants, researchers were interested in gender differences in emotional facial expressions. which of the following was NOT an emotion where girls showed more facial expression than boys?
anger
marilyn is obsessed with staying thin and become very concerned if she gains a single pound. in order to stay thin she tries to consume no more than 700 calories a day. marilyn probably suffers from ______
anorexia nervosa
in defining emotion as a process, an ______ event is a situation that may lead to an emotional response
antecedent
each of the highlighted areas on the picture play an important role in emotion. which area, colored in red, is active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences and in the pain experienced with social exclusion or rejection?
anterior cingulate cortex
with regard to the process of emotion, ______ is the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare
appraisal
the ______ nervous system governs structures and processes over which we have little conscious control, such as changes in heart rate and blood pressure
autonomic
the physiological system responsible for the changes that occur during an emotional response, such as increases in heart rate and respiration, is the ______ nervous system
autonomic
one important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the ______
blood
the hypothalamus monitors ______ levels to determine when it is time to eat
blood glucose
which of the following represents the main criticism of the james-lange theory of emotion?
bodily feedback is not specific enough to account for the variety of emotional experience
______ ______ ______ is calculated by dividing weight by height to yield a weight-height ratio
body mass index
the use of which product has possibel implications for the facial feedback hypothesis?
botox
a person who engages in a binge-purge pattern of eating behavior may suffer from ______ nervosa
bulimia
______ of the stomach occur(s) when the stomach and small intestine have been relatively empty for about two hours
contractions
the fact that Icelanders eat raw whale blubber pickled in whey and Mexicans eat cow brains and tongue are examples of the influence of ______ on eating
culture
in achievement motivation, what are the factors important to incentive value?
difficulty of the task and importance of succeeding
______ rules are learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotions and to whojm one should show them
display
happiness is a universally expressed emotion, but when, where, and how it is exhibited may vary from one culture to another. this is an example of the cultural-specificity of ______ rules
display
______ help to explain observed cultural variability in emotional expression (such as why samurai women smile broadly when learning their husbands or sons died in battle)
display rules
if you can distinguish which emotions are socially appropriate at weddings and at funerals, you have knowledge of ______
display rules
a(n) ______ is the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
drive
six year-old brian is giggly and feelin self-conscious after he violates a social norm in school and the other children look at him. he's experiencing which self-conscious emotion?
embarrassment
questionnaires like the EQ-I and the MSCEIT were designed to measure ______
emotional intelligence
according to the neurocultural theory of emotion, which of the following are examples of aspects of emotion that vary culture to culture?
emotional regulation; appraisal of emotion-inducing stimuli
extrinsic motivation, instrinsic motivation, and organizational support are three models of ______ motivation
employee
according to the text, training in emotional skills provides which of the following benefits?
enhances cognitive performance; improves emotional behavior; enhances school performance
the major sign of the ______ phase is vaginal lubrication for women and erection for men
excitment
list the phases of sexual arousal:
excitment, plateu, orgasm, and resolution
atkinson argued that the tendency to achieve success is a function of three factors. if Yvonne believes she is very likely to achieve success in school and earn good grades, which factor is she demostrating?
expectation of success
______ ______ is a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion
expressive suppression
______ is a strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion
expressive suppression
which of the following are types of emotion regulation?
expressive suppression; reappraisal
the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the ______ hypothesis
facial feedback
true/false: biological factors fully explain our eating behavior
false
true/false: endocannabinoids help to suppress appetite
false
Darwin hypothesized that the facial expression associated with ______ had a function; to enable people to respond more quickly to the situation
fear
in general, women show greater left amygdala activation for ______, whereas men shoe greater activation in the same area for ______
fear and negative emotion; positive emotion
a ______ is defined as a person who lives life well
flourisher
which hormone communicates feelings of hunger of the brain?
ghrelin
______ results from gastric secretions that are activated by the brain when we think of, see, or smell food
growling
although many facial expressions of emotion are understood universally, ______ is the emotion that is most recognizable
happiness
does money make people happier?
having more money does make those driven by money slightly happier
when given a dose of the neuropeptide oxytocin, people are more likely to ______
help others; show greater generosity toward others
which of the following correlate positively with emotional intelligence?
higher GPA in adolecent boys and girls; less job burnout in teachers; better coping with stress; improvements in mental and physical health
ghrelin is a ______ that communicates feeling of hunger to the brain
hormone
the ______ appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions
hypothalamus
the ______ is the brain structure crucial to sexual behavior. in particular, lesions on part of this brain area have led to decreases in sexual behavior, while electrical stimulation of this area may lead to increased sexual behavior
hypothalamus
the PATHS program has resulted in which of the following?
improvements in classroom functioning; reduction in aggressive behaviors in children; fewer depressive symptoms in special-needs children
people with non-competitive goals, such as spending time with family and friends, experience which of the following?
increased happiness over time
the subjects in Elkman's facial feedback experiments experienced which of the following when professional actors made angry facial expressions?
increased heart rate; increased body temperature
the ______ is the brain structure most involved in interoception and plays an important role during the experience of pain and empathy for another's pain
insula
emotional ______ is defined as empathetic understanding and the ability to recognize and to regulate emotions in oneself and others
intelligence
when we eat is primarily influenced by ______ factors, while what we eat is mostly influenced by ______ factors
internal; external
people who have "well-lived lives" are most often driven by ______ motivation in doing the things they find inherently enjoyable
intrinsic
the fact that "stomach sensations" are associated with the emotion of disgust and a lump in your throat signifies sadness provides support for which theory of emotion?
james-lange theory
several studies suggest that the ______ (name a specific region/area) prefrontal cortex is more involved in the experience of positive emotions than the ______ (name a different region/area)
left; right
______ is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY, thereby signaling the body that it has enough to eat
leptin
in the hypothalamus, the "stop eating" neurons are regulated by ______
leptin and ghrelin
an overall evaluation we have of our lives is called ______
life satisfaction
evidence suggests that a core set of facial expressions of emotion are universal because ______
many facial expressions are recognized accross cultures
______ have more positive attitudes about casual sex
men
for which gender is the only assured contribution to parenthood the act of sex itself?
men
which factor on the tendency to achieve success involves the extent to which you really want to be successful?
motivation to succeed
which of the following stimulate hunger?
neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ghrelin
you are walking alone in a forest at night with a flashlight. you drop and break your flashlight, and your hands begin to tremble. according to the james-lange theory, you are afraid because you ______
notice your hands begin to tremble
according to the ______ ______ theory, if pregnant results from sexual intercource, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women
parental investment
which of the following is FALSE about the relationship between happiness and factors related to meaning in life?
peopel with more money tend to find greater meaning in life and, thus, greater happiness
which of the following is/are true with regard to the relationship between the stomach and hunger?
people who have their stomachs removed for medical reasons still experience hunger; stomach contractions correspond with hunger pangs, but they do not cause hunger
______ is an employee's belief about how much the organization appreciates and supports his or her contributions and well-being
percieved organizational support
which of the following does the emotional response not include?
personality changes
increases in heart rate and respiration are examples of ______ changes produced by emotions
physiological
list the emotional responses:
physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes
which of the following is true with respect to sex differences in how the brain processes emotion?
pictures of animal/human attacks evoke greater amygdala activation in men compared to women
unlike men, women may stay in the ______ phase and then pass to the ______ phase without orgasm
plateau; resolution
due to its involvement in planning, impulse control, and working memory, the ______ plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion
prefrontal cortex
when an individual reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results, he or she has engaged in the emotion-regulation strategy of ______
reappraisal
emotion _______ refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions
regulation
______ glucose levels stimulate insulin production by the pancreas, which, in the long run, leads to hunger ______
rising; decreasing
life ______ is the term used to describe an overall evaluation we have of our lives
satisfaction
Maslow's hierarchy of needs from highest to lowest
self-actualization, esteem needs, love and belongingness needs, saftey and security needs, psychological needs
which type of society places formal prohibitions on pre-and extramarital sex that are not strictly enforced?
semirestrictive
actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals which may or may not involve orgasm is called ______ ______
sexual behavior
______ is the dispositionto be attracted to either the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes
sexual orientation
based on classical conditioning research with rats, which areas of the amygdala appear to be the most involved in fear conditioning?
side; middle
______ learning reflects strategies for regulating emotion in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and improve academic performance
socioemotional
the PATHS program was developed to help improve ______
sociomotional learning
in one study, researchers stimulated the insula in people with deep brain implants. researchers found that ______
stimulating the insula impaired recodnition of disgust expression, but did not impair recognition of other facial expressions
during an emotional response, changes occur in the quality of our conscious experience. these make up the ______ experience of emotion
subjective
which hormone controls sex drive in both men and women?
testosterone
women are better than men at accurately recognizing emotional information about fear and disgust using
the face alone; the voice alone; and both together
which of the following brain areas are activated when participants view disgusting scenes?
the insula; the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
most evidence in dieting research suggests that dieting does not work for ______
the long-term
which of the following are true differences between men and women with regard to the plateau phase of sexual arousal?
the phase is almost always followed by orgasm in men; the phase generally lasts longer in women
the case of Phineas Gage provided early evidece of the importance of which brain area as involved in emotion and personality?
the prefrontal cortex
definition of metabolism
the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body
what are the four biological components of hunger?
the stomach; the blood; the brain; and hormones and neurochemicals
our culture has an obsession with being ______ which may play a role in the development of eating disorders
thin
true/false: "motherese" provides evidence of the universality of vocalizations of emotion
true
true/false: for many years, scientists suspected that socialcultural factors, such as media images of thin women and family pressures, were the central determinants of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. but since the 1980s, researchers have examined the interplay of social and biological factors in eating disorders
true
true/false: social factors, such as falling in love or fighting with a friend, can affect eating behavior
true
true/false: the more often people eat certain foods, the more they like them
true
although it is never a good idea to make broad generalizations based on small sample sizes, which of the following brain abnormalities have been found in violent criminals such as charles whitman?
tumors of the amygdala
each emotion creates a different subjective experience, and each produces a(n) ______ feeling
unique
______ means common to all human beings
universal
life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and positive and negative affect comprise the state known as subject ______
well-being
according to the parental investment theory, hcih gender should be less motivated for sex?
women
who talks more about emotions - men or women?
women
______ are more emotionally expressive and tend to smile more often then ______
women; men
you hear a suspicious noise as you are walking to your car late at night. your heart begins to pound. according to James-Lange theory, you are afraid because ______
your heart begins to pound
