Chapter 11 : Mastering Homework

Norepinephrine or Acetylcholine? 1. Preganglionic neuron from the parasympathetic nervous system. ___________ 2. Somatic motor neuron. ________________ 3. Postganglionic neuron from the parasympathetic nervous system. ________________ 4. Preganglionic neuron from the sympathetic nervous system. ______________ 5. Postganglionic neuron from the sympathetic nervous system. ______________

1. ACh 2. ACh 3. ACh 4. ACh 5. NE

Match each of the following neurotransmitters with the receptor that it would bind to. 1. Norepinephrine ___________, ______________, ______________ 2. Epinephrine _____________, _________________ 3. Acetylcholine _______________, _____________

1. Alpha-1, Beta-1, Beta-3 2. Beta-1, Beta-2 3. Nicotinic, muscarinic

1. A neuron that delivers an action potential from the central nervous system to a skeletal muscle ______________ 2. A neuron that receives an action potential from another neuron and then delivers that action potential to a smooth muscle _________________ 3. A neuron that delivers an action potential from the central nervous system to another neuron in the peripheral nervous system _________________ 4. A location outside of the central nervous system where autonomic signals can synapse ______________

1. somatic motor neuron 2. postganglionic autonomic neuron 3. preganglionic auqtonmic neuron 4. ganglion

What is a varicosity in the autonomic nervous system?

A series of swollen ends of neurons where neurotransmitter is released

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following is a modified sympathetic ganglion?

Adrenal medulla

Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest sensitivity for epinephrine?

B2

A patient is prescribed a drug that increases neurotransmitter active transport in a synapse. What effect will this have?

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

FIGURE 11.7

Labeled

Which is the main enzyme responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines?

Monoamine oxidase

Which type of acetylcholine receptor is present on postganglionic neurons, and which type is present on the target tissues in autonomic pathways?

Nicotinic on the postganglionic neurons and muscarinic on the target tissues

The somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system both release acetylcholine (ACh) onto their target tissues. Do you predict that this would indicate that these two pathways carry out the same effects? Why or why not? Choose the best answer.

No, because the receptors found on the target tissue for each pathway are different.

A patient is prescribed a muscarinic antagonist. This will inhibit signaling from which neurons?

Postganglionic parasympathetic

Questions from figure 11.9

Questions from figure 11.9

A patient was exposed to a nerve gas during a chemical warfare attack. The nerve gas inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. What will happen to the amount of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, and how can this be treated?

The amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist.

Which nervous system division has parasympathetic and sympathetic branches?

The autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

Sympathetic pathways originate in which regions of the spinal cord?

Thoracic and lumbar

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system? a. Airway constriction b. Increased heart rate c. Increased renin secretion d. Decreased urination

a

Which of the following are components of the efferent nervous system? Select all that apply. a. sympathetic neurons b. somatic motor neurons c. brain d. parasympathetic neurons e. spinal cord

a, b, d only

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscles and many glands is the __________ division.

autonomic

The diameter of bronchioles varies under the control of __________ neurons, which cause the diameter to __________.

autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

Which of the following characteristics is similar between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches for most neurons? a. Neurotransmitter is secreted from the postganglionic neuron. b. Neurotransmitter is secreted from the preganglionic neuron. c. Receptor type on the target tissues d. Site of origin of the nerves

b

Which of the following is an example of antagonistic control? a. The vagus nerve innervates much of the viscera, changing the function of each of them independently of the others. b. Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction, while sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation. c. Sympathetic stimulation causes renin secretion by the kidneys, but the kidneys are not innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. d. The parasympathetic nervous system originates from the brain stem and pelvic nerves, while the sympathetic arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

b

Which of the following is/are targets of the efferent nervous system? a. cerebral cortex b. cardiac muscle c, glands d. thalamus e. smooth muscle f. skeletal muscle g. medulla oblongata

b, c, e, f only

Muscarine, a chemical produced by certain mushrooms, binds to muscarinic receptors mimicking the effect of acetylcholine. How do you think administering this chemical would change body function? The drug would _____________.

change the functionality of the smooth muscles within the digestive system; change the functionality of the heart; change the functionality of certain exocrine and endocrine glands

In the autonomic nervous system, neurotransmitter activation of its receptor terminates when the neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes or when it diffuses away. Which other mechanism leads to termination of neurotransmitter activity? a. Breakdown of the receptor-ligand complex by enzymes in the synaptic cleft b. Desensitization of bound receptors c. Receptor internalization after ligand binding d. Active transport into surrounding cells

d

Sympathetic neurons stimulate vasoconstriction in the GI tract, while sympathetic neurons stimulate vasodilation in arterioles supplying skeletal muscles. Which mechanism explains these opposite effects? a. Different types of sympathetic neurons carry signals to tissues. b. Different types of muscle are stimulated. c. Different neurotransmitters binding to the same receptors d. Different receptors for the same neurotransmitter

d

Which of the following best describes the direction and function of efferent signals? a. away from the central nervous system, to provide sensation to all parts of the body b. toward the central nervous system, in order to cause the movement of glands and muscles c. toward the central nervous system, in order to deliver sensory information from all parts of the body d. away from the central nervous system, cause motor effects in glands or muscles

d

A single neuron is stimulated at the central nervous system; this signal travels all the way to the target tissue, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released onto the target tissue. The acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor to induce skeletal muscle contraction. These steps describe the function of which branch of the efferent nervous system? Choose the best answer.

somatic

Which pathways make up the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic pathways; parasympathetic pathways; and adrenal sympathetic pathways

A patient with asthma is prescribed a β2 ceptor agonist to stimulate bronchodilation. This drug will stimulate effects similar to ligands secreted from _____.

the adrenal medulla