Chapter 11 micro- Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea
fruiting body
1) in myxybacteria, a complex aggregate of cells, visible to the naked eye, produced when nutrients or water are depleted 2) in fungi, a specialized spore-producing structure
Ti plasmid
A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
Extreme halophiles/extreme thermophiles are members of the domain ______.
Archaea
Review the differences between archaea and bacteria by completing each sentence.
Archaea are prokaryotic organisms recently classified as belonging to their own domain., Although they share many characteristics with bacteria, members of the Domain Archaea are more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria., The ribosomal and protein sequences of archaea are more closely related to those of eukaryotes than those of bacteria., Characteristics that define archaea, however, include the presence of unique membrane lipids, cell wall construction and composition, and metabolicpathways., Adaptations to their metabolic pathways allow archaea to live in extreme environments, such as areas with high levels of salt (halophiles) or high temperatures (thermophiles).
endoflagella
Characteristic structures of motility in spirochetes that cause the cells to move with a corkscrew like motion; unlike typical flagella, they are in periplasm
In areas with no sunlight, ______ obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide and fix CO2, providing animals in the area with both a carbon and an energy source.
Chemolithoautotrophs
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, generating sulfuric acid
nitrifiers
Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite
cyanobacteria
Gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs; genetically related to chloroplasts
lactic acid bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria that generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism
heliobacterium
Heliobacterium and brown algae have similar pigments. gram-positive endospore-forming related to clostridium
Primary producers can be either photoautotrophs (using sunlight for energy) or chemolithotrophs (oxidizing ______ chemicals for energy).
Inorganic
Which of the following statements about Thiomargarita namibiensis are TRUE?
It stores nitrate, its terminal electron acceptor., Its name means "sulfur pearl of Namibia., It stores sulfur, its energy source.
Which of the following bacteria can oxidize large amounts of ammonia-containing waste, consuming so much oxygen in the process that they can create hypoxic areas of water?
Nitrifying bacteria
Microbes growing in nodules on the roots of plants can form an agriculturally important symbiotic ______-fixing relationship. Microbes in this group are collectively referred to as rhizobia.
Nitrogen
Chemoorganotrophs
Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals
Which of the following about hydrothermal vents is FALSE?
Photosynthesis supports food production in the region.
anoxygenic phototrophs
Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2, use hydrogen sulfide, lots of light and little O2
Please choose the correct statement that describes the actions of methanogens in the carbon cycle.
Produce methane in anaerobic ecosystems
ecophysiology
The study of the physiological mechanisms organisms use to thrive in a given environment
Nitrogen fixation and ammonification are two different reactions in the nitrogen cycle that yield ammonium as a product.
True
purple bacteria
a group of anoxygenic phototrophs that are red, orange, or purple in color, gram-negative, and use hydrogen sulfide as reducing power
Rhizobia
a group of gram-negative nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships w/ leguminous plant
acid-fast
an organism that retains the primary stain in the acid-fast staining procedure
green bacteria
anoxygenic bacteria phototrophs that are green/brown, gram-negative, hydrogen sulfide, chlorosomes
Methanogens
archaea that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas using CO2 as terminal electron acceptor, generating methane
Bioluminescence
biological production of light, colonies produce light, catalyzed by luciferase
enterics
common name for members of enteriobacteriacea- gram negative rods
nitrogen fixation
conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia
coliform
facultative non-spore forming, gram-negative rods that ferment lactose; producing acid and has within 48 hrs at 35 degrees C. Indicators of fecal pollution; total coliforms
coryneforms/diphtheroids
gram positive cells that are club-shaped and arranged to for V shapes and palisades
Myxobacteria
gram-negative bacteria that group together to form complex multicellular structures called fruiting bodies
prosthecate bacteria
gram-negative bacteria that have extensions projecting from the cell-increasing surface area
pseudomonas
gram-negative rods that have polar flagella and often produce pigments
Corynebacterium
gram-positive pleomorphic rods
myobacterium
harmless saprophytes live on dead matter (acid-fast)
anoxic
lacking oxygen
spirochetes
long, helical bacteria that have a flexible cell wall and endoflagella
chemotrophs
obtain energy by oxidizing chemical components
primary producers
organisms that convert CO2 into organic compounds, by doing so, they sustain other life forms
obligate intracellular parasites
organisms that grow only inside living cells
chemolithotrophs
organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
Bulking
overgrowth of these filamentous organisms in wastewater
oxygenic phototrophs
photosynthetic organisms that produce O2
heterocysts
specialized cells in cyanobacteria that produce nitrogen-fixing enzyme (for fixing nitrogen into NH3)