Chapter 11 micro- Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

fruiting body

1) in myxybacteria, a complex aggregate of cells, visible to the naked eye, produced when nutrients or water are depleted 2) in fungi, a specialized spore-producing structure

Ti plasmid

A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.

Extreme halophiles/extreme thermophiles are members of the domain ______.

Archaea

Review the differences between archaea and bacteria by completing each sentence.

Archaea are prokaryotic organisms recently classified as belonging to their own domain., Although they share many characteristics with bacteria, members of the Domain Archaea are more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria., The ribosomal and protein sequences of archaea are more closely related to those of eukaryotes than those of bacteria., Characteristics that define archaea, however, include the presence of unique membrane lipids, cell wall construction and composition, and metabolicpathways., Adaptations to their metabolic pathways allow archaea to live in extreme environments, such as areas with high levels of salt (halophiles) or high temperatures (thermophiles).

endoflagella

Characteristic structures of motility in spirochetes that cause the cells to move with a corkscrew like motion; unlike typical flagella, they are in periplasm

In areas with no sunlight, ______ obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide and fix CO2, providing animals in the area with both a carbon and an energy source.

Chemolithoautotrophs

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, generating sulfuric acid

nitrifiers

Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite

cyanobacteria

Gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs; genetically related to chloroplasts

lactic acid bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria that generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism

heliobacterium

Heliobacterium and brown algae have similar pigments. gram-positive endospore-forming related to clostridium

Primary producers can be either photoautotrophs (using sunlight for energy) or chemolithotrophs (oxidizing ______ chemicals for energy).

Inorganic

Which of the following statements about Thiomargarita namibiensis are TRUE?

It stores nitrate, its terminal electron acceptor., Its name means "sulfur pearl of Namibia., It stores sulfur, its energy source.

Which of the following bacteria can oxidize large amounts of ammonia-containing waste, consuming so much oxygen in the process that they can create hypoxic areas of water?

Nitrifying bacteria

Microbes growing in nodules on the roots of plants can form an agriculturally important symbiotic ______-fixing relationship. Microbes in this group are collectively referred to as rhizobia.

Nitrogen

Chemoorganotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals

Which of the following about hydrothermal vents is FALSE?

Photosynthesis supports food production in the region.

anoxygenic phototrophs

Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2, use hydrogen sulfide, lots of light and little O2

Please choose the correct statement that describes the actions of methanogens in the carbon cycle.

Produce methane in anaerobic ecosystems

ecophysiology

The study of the physiological mechanisms organisms use to thrive in a given environment

Nitrogen fixation and ammonification are two different reactions in the nitrogen cycle that yield ammonium as a product.

True

purple bacteria

a group of anoxygenic phototrophs that are red, orange, or purple in color, gram-negative, and use hydrogen sulfide as reducing power

Rhizobia

a group of gram-negative nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships w/ leguminous plant

acid-fast

an organism that retains the primary stain in the acid-fast staining procedure

green bacteria

anoxygenic bacteria phototrophs that are green/brown, gram-negative, hydrogen sulfide, chlorosomes

Methanogens

archaea that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas using CO2 as terminal electron acceptor, generating methane

Bioluminescence

biological production of light, colonies produce light, catalyzed by luciferase

enterics

common name for members of enteriobacteriacea- gram negative rods

nitrogen fixation

conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia

coliform

facultative non-spore forming, gram-negative rods that ferment lactose; producing acid and has within 48 hrs at 35 degrees C. Indicators of fecal pollution; total coliforms

coryneforms/diphtheroids

gram positive cells that are club-shaped and arranged to for V shapes and palisades

Myxobacteria

gram-negative bacteria that group together to form complex multicellular structures called fruiting bodies

prosthecate bacteria

gram-negative bacteria that have extensions projecting from the cell-increasing surface area

pseudomonas

gram-negative rods that have polar flagella and often produce pigments

Corynebacterium

gram-positive pleomorphic rods

myobacterium

harmless saprophytes live on dead matter (acid-fast)

anoxic

lacking oxygen

spirochetes

long, helical bacteria that have a flexible cell wall and endoflagella

chemotrophs

obtain energy by oxidizing chemical components

primary producers

organisms that convert CO2 into organic compounds, by doing so, they sustain other life forms

obligate intracellular parasites

organisms that grow only inside living cells

chemolithotrophs

organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

Bulking

overgrowth of these filamentous organisms in wastewater

oxygenic phototrophs

photosynthetic organisms that produce O2

heterocysts

specialized cells in cyanobacteria that produce nitrogen-fixing enzyme (for fixing nitrogen into NH3)