chapter 11 psych

In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

FALSE

Increasing hypertension and reducing LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.

FALSE

Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

FALSE

What is health psychology?

Health psychology is the study between the relationship of psychological elements and the avoidance/ treatments for a physical illness. An important factor that these pyschologists study is stress.

Serena has an internal locus of control. This means that she:

feels in control of her own life.

The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical wellness problems is known as__________.

health-psychology

Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of__________.

inner-concern-hassles

​_________ is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

​Psychological hardiness

According to the different types of social support, _________ involves helping people interpret, or "make sense of," what has happened to them.

​appraisal

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has reached the _________ of the general adaptation syndrome.

​exhaustion stage

Discuss the associations between illnesses (such as cancer and coronary heart disease) and racial and ethnic background.

African Americans tend to have hypertension and heart disease more than European Americans. Asian Americans and Latin Americans are less likely than European Americans, Native Americans, or African Americans to die of heart disease or stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment could possibly help decrease the racial gap. Cancer death rates are higher in nations with increasing rates of fat intake.

What is the result of high self-efficacy expectations?

All of these

According to Neal E. Miller, which of the following is the least stressful type of conflict?

Approach-approach conflict

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she cannot see animals suffering from illnesses. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Approach-avoidance conflict

Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing and a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

​ _________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

Explain in detail about the characteristics of people with high self-efficacy expectations.

If a person experiences higher self-efficacy expectations, they show more effort for their desires in order to achieve them. They are not as bugged by adverse events and often times lose weight, stop smoking, and have control over their alcohol amount. Also, these type of people can calm down easier as well as manage pain.

How do life changes differ from daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals while daily hassles occur regularly. While daily hassles seem like smaller, more negative situations, life changes tend to be positive.

Which of the following is a difference between life changes and daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged by physical or psychological factors may be more likely to develop cancer.

__________allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

Predictability

__________is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

Psychological-hardiness

What are the risk factors associated with cancer?

Risk factors for cancer include smoking, drinking more than a drink or two a day, eating animal fats, sunbathing, which may cause skin cancer due to exposure of ultraviolet light, depression, or stress.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Sunbathing

People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

TRUE

Explain how the approach-approach conflict differs from the avoidance-avoidance conflict.

The approach-approach conflict is the least stressful type of conflict. Each of two goals is beneficial and both within close vicinity. Avoidance-avoidance conflict is more stressful because a person is more determined to steer clear of each of two negative goals. Therefore, avoiding one goal can cause the person to have to come in terms with the other.

Which of the following is true of people with Type A behavior pattern?

They dominate group discussions.

How do Type A people differ from Type B people?

Type A people are highly motivated and competitive that can also be impatient, hostile, and overly aggressive. These people tend to get into auto-accidents where they feel rushed and restless. Type B people relax more easily and focus more on the quality of life. They have shown lower blood pressure and are more patient. Type A usually earn higher grades whereas Type B's are average.

Which of the following is a difference between Type A people and Type B people?

Type A people are more likely to continue to strive for more and more as compared to Type B people.

​In _________, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

approach-approach conflict

Type A people:

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.

In__________conflict, you are motivated to avoid each of the two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

avoidance-avoidance

​In _____ conflict, you are motivated to avoid each of the two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

avoidance-avoidance

The immune system combats disease:

by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction.

John is an executive who has a stressful job that frequently requires him to work overtime. He is also overweight because he does not exercise enough. Due to office politics, he has a lot of bottled-in anger. He is most likely at risk for:

coronary heart disease.

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to__________.

coronary-heart-disease

Lisa is a single parent of three children. During the course of each week, she prepares meals, shops for grocery, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting her everyday expenses. Psychologists refer to these stresses as__________.

daily-hassles

Ever since Michelle failed her biology final, she has been thinking that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This demonstrates what psychologist Albert Ellis calls:

irrational beliefs.

The immune system is able to fight off foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called__________.

leukocytes

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called__________.

pathogens

​Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called _____.

pathogens

Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed. She fully involves herself in whatever she is doing. She believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. Psychologists would say that Carole is:

psychologically hardy.

Connor was frightened as his cab was weaving in and out of traffic across the city. The level of his endocrine and sympathetic activity eventually lowered as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is in the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance-stage

​Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high _____.

self-efficacy expectations

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high__________.

self-efficacy-expectations

According to the different kinds of social support,__________involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

​According to the different kinds of social support, _________ involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

​After getting back from work, Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but he feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of _____.

​multiple approach-avoidance conflict