Chapter 11: The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
which of the following bacteria does NOT fix nitrogen?
nitrobacter
Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and Azomonas share which of the following?
nitrogen-fixing ability
due to their commercial value as a source of antibiotics, over 500 species of the genus ____________ have been described.
streptomyces
chlamydiae
no peptidoglycan in the cell wall, grow intracellularly, chlamydia and chlamydophila form an elementary body that is infective
which disease is caused by a bacterium that does NOT have peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
nongonococcal urethritis
some members of the domain archaea are included in the normal microbiota of the human body.
true
the lactobacilli are used in the commercial production of yogurt, buttermilk, and sauerkraut.
true
how many different bacterial species have been described?
5000
alphaproteobacteria examples
Azospirillum, Rickettsia, Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, Agrobacterium
the human intestinal tract contains enteric bacteria but is an unlikely environment in which to find Bacteroides.
false
which of the following is an endospore-forming bacterium?
Bacillus
which of the following organisms produce endospores?
Bacillus species
all of the following can form filaments EXCEPT
Borrelia
borrelia
Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease; transmitted by ticks or lice
Betaproteobacteria
Class of diverse Gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria capable of growing at very low nutrient levels.
which organism is an obligate anaerobe?
Clostridium perfringens
which of these bacteria does NOT belong with the others? all organisms, except one, belong to the Firmicutes
Corynebacterium
enterobacter
E. cloacae and E. aerogenes cause UTI's and nosocomial infections; opportunistic microbes
which of these bacteria is NOT associated with foodborne illness?
Erwinia
Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium
Fix nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants; Known by the common name of rhizobia
Epsilonproteobacteria
Helical or curved; microaerophilic ex. helicobacter
which of the following bacteria does NOT belong with the others? All organisms, except one, are all in the phylum Spirochaetes.
Helicobacter
which of the following is an example of a helical bacterium that does NOT make a complete twist?
Helicobacter
Why is Burkholderia a frequent cause of nosocomial infections?
It grows on unusual carbon sources and some antiseptics
listeria
L. monocytogenes contaminates food
Gammaproteobacteria
Largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria
which member of the gammaproteobacteria is a potential cause of pneumonia and can be found in warm-water supply lines and air conditioning cooling towers?
Legionella
which of the following genera contains organisms that are psychrotrophic?
Listeria
Neisseria
N. gonorrhoeae: cause of gonorrhoea; N. meningitidis: causes meningococcal meningitis
which of these bacteria is NOT in the phylum Actinobacteria?
Neisseria
which of the following bacteria are INCORRECTLY matched with gram reaction and morphology?
Neisseria; gram-positive coccus
a bacterium isolated from the soil has the following characteristics: it is a gram-negative straight rod, it is aerobic and motile, it produces water-soluble pigment, and it readily grows on several common laboratory media. Ribosomal RNA analysis places this bacterium with the gammaproteobacteria. This organism is most likely in the genus ___________.
Pseudomonas
tenericutes
mycoplasm; lack a cell wall, pleomorphic (it can change shape); M. pneumoniae causes mild pneumonia
Bordetella
Non-motile rods; B. pertussis: causes whooping cough
which of the following statements is NOT true for Pelagibacter?
Pelagibacter's photosynthetic capability makes it a key produces in marine ecosystems
alphaproteobacteria
most are capable of growing with very low levels of nutrients; many have stalks or buds known as prosthecae
which organism is NOT correctly matched to its motility
Spirillum; axial filaments
Rickettsias are different from most other bacteria in that they _____________
are obligate intracellular parasites
which of the following is NOT a member of domain archaea?
Thiomargarita
which of the following bacteria does NOT belong with the others? Some of these organisms belong to the Enterobacteriales (enterics).
Vibrio
yersinia
Y. pestis causes plague; transmitted via fleas
bdellovirbio
attacks other gram-negative bacteria; lives between peptidoglycan and outer membrane of gram-negative cells
Lactobacillales
aerotolerant anaerobes, produce lactic acid from simple carbohydrates, Lactobacillus colonize the body and are used commercially in food production ex. used in yogurt and gives it the sour taste
archaea
always live in extreme environments, distinct taxonomic grouping, lack peptidoglycan, non-pathogenic
methanogens
anaerobic and produce methane
fusobacteria
anaerobic, are found in the mouth, cause dental abscesses, biofilms
deltaproteobacteria examples
bdellovibrio
helicobacter
multiple flagella, causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
cyanobacteria
carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen, gas vesicles that provide buoyancy, unicellular or filamentous
Firmicutes examples
clostridium, bacillus, staphylococcus, lactobacillales, streptococcus, enterococcus, listeria
spirochaetes
coiled and move via axial filaments (endoflagella)
enterobacteriales
commonly called enterics; inhabit the intestinal tract; ferment carbohydrates, facultative anaerobes, peritrichous flagella (all over the cell)
all of the following groups include bacteria that are pathogenic for humans EXCEPT
cyanobacteria
which of these bacteria does NOT belong with the others? These organisms are different because they perform oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
which answer is NOT true of bacterial photosynthesis and/or photosynthetic bacteria?
cyanobacteria deposit sulfur derived from the splitting of hydrogen sulfide outside of the cells
nonproteobacteria examples
cyanobacteria, chlamydiae, fusobacteria, spirochaetes, borrelia, deinococcus radiodurans
The Mycoplasmas appear to have evolved from gram-positive bacteria that have lost the genes that encode enzymes for peptidoglycan production. This evolutionary loss of genetic material is known as
degenerative evolution
which group of bacteria is known for containing organisms that are predators on other bacteria?
deltaproteobacteria
For reproduction in Chlamydia, the bacterial cells are released from host cells as ______________ bodies.
elementary
Bacillus
endospore-producing rods, B. anthracis causes anthrax, B. thuringiensis is an insert pathogen, B. cereus causes food poisoning (opportunistic pathogen)
clostridium
endospore-producing; obligate anaerobes; includes disease-causing C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile
members of the order enterobacteriales are commonly referred to as the
enterics
enterics are __________
facultatively anaerobic; gram-negative rods
almost all microorganisms in the environment have been identified.
false
nitrogen fixation and nitrification are two names for the same chemical process
false
nitrogen fixation can occur only in bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship with legumes.
false
prokaryotes in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan that is indistinguishable from that of prokaryotes in the Domain Bacteria.
false
gram-positive bacterial groups
firmicutes, tenericutes, actinobacteria
some members of the genus Rhizobium are notable for their ability to
form nodules in plant roots that allow nitrogen fixation
propionibacterium
forms propionic acid; P. acnes causes severe and infected acne
vibrionales
found in aquatic habitats, curved with flagella, pops up in tsunamis and hurricanes
Spirillum
found in freshwater, move via flagella, curved shape
enterococcus
found in the intestinal tract, hospital contaminants, E. faecalis and E. faccium infect surgical wounds and the urinary tract
the ________________ constitute the largest subgroup of the proteobacteria.
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
gram negative, predators on other bacteria
enterics are
gram-negative facultative anaerobes that are found in the intestines of animals
Staphylococcus
grapelike clusters, S. aureus causes wound infections, is often antibiotic resistant, and produces an enterotoxin
Azospirillum
grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants; forms associations with roots; fixes nitrogen
extremophiles
halophiles, thermophiles
Borrelia, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a spirochete similar to the causative agent of syphilis, Treponema. Both bacteria _______________.
have axial filaments
which of the following statements concerning Mycobacterium tuberculosis is true?
it is aerobic
Actinobacteria
high G+C gram positive bacteria
Actinobacteria
high G+C; gram-positive; often pleomorphic, branching filaments, often common inhabitants of soil
which of these descriptive terms best fits organisms growing near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor?
hyperthermophilic
which type of organism might be found growing near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor?
hyperthermophilic
enteric bacteria would most likely be found in which environment?
intestinal tract of an animal
streptomyces
isolated from soil, produce most antibiotics
actinobacteria examples
mycobacterium, propionibacterium, streptomyces
Firmicutes
low G+C gram positive bacteria
Tenericutes
low G+C gram positive bacteria
deinococcus radiodurans
more resistant to radiation than endospores
Rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasites, cause spotted fevers, transmitted by insect and tick bites, dependent upon a host cell
pseudomonas
opportunistic pathogens, nosocomial infections; metabolically diverse; polar flagella, common in soil, live in hospital environments, use some cleaning agents as a nutrient
mycobacterium
outermost layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and water-resistant, often slow-growing, M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, M. leprae causes leprosy
the cyanobacteria are believed to have played a key role in changing Earth's atmosphere due to their production of _________.
oxygen
Agrobacterium
plant pathogen, causes crown gall; inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
Erwinia bacteria produce an enzyme that breaks down pectin. You would expect Erwinia to cause diseases in which type of organism?
plants
some actinomycetes are similar to filamentous fungi because they _________
produce aseuxal reproductive spores
serratia
produces red pigment, common cause of nosocomial infections
gram-negative bacteria groups
proteobacteria; alphaproteobacteria; betaproteobacteria; gammaproteobacteria; deltaproteobacteria; epsilonproteobacteria; nonproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria examples
pseudomonas; vibrionales; enterobacteriales; serratia; yersinia; enterobacter; haemophilus
haemophilus
require X factor (heme) and V factor (NAD+, NADP+); H. influenzae causes meningitis, caraches and epiglottis
thermophiles
require growth temperatures of > 80 degrees celcius
halophiles
requires a salt concentration of >25%
Salmonella enterica is divided into many groups or "varieties," known as _______________, based on serological tests.
serovars
streptococcus
spherical shaped in chains, produce enzymes that destroy tissue, beta-hemolytic streptococci hemolyze blood agar, non-beta-hemolytic streptococci include S. pneumoniae and S. mutans, which causes dental caries
betaproteobacteria examples
spirillum, bordetella, neisseria
a new microorganism has been discovered that resides in the mouths of dogs. this microorganism lacks a nucleus, has a cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide, is shaped like a corkscrew, and is motile by means of an axial filament. this organism is most likely related to _____________.
spirochaetes
which of the following statements concerning Pseudomonas is true?
the bacteria can metabolize a wide variety of substrates
what is true of the Mycoplasma genus?
they are genetically related to gram-positive bacteria; they may produce filaments that resemble fungi; they are unusually small bacteria; they are highly pleomorphic
which of the following statements is NOT true of the genus Mycoplasma?
they are obligate intracellular pathogens
why are cyanobacteria classified as bacteria, rather than algae?
they are prokaryotic cells
which of the following statements is true of members of the order Lactobacillales?
they do not perform aerobic or anaerobic respiration
which is NOT true of the rickettsias?
they reproduce by fragmentation
mycobacteria are acid-fast
true
