Chapter 11 Vocab Set: AGRICULTURE
Quaternary Activity
more specialized services managing information, IT, consulting, R&D, especially FIRE activities: financial, insurance, real estate
Boserup's Thesis
saw population growth as the cause of agricultural productivity
Mediterranean Agriculture
specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer mediterranean climate prevails
Primogeniture/Cadastral System
system which the eldest son in a family-or, in exceptional cases, daughter- inherits all of a dying parent's land/ a large scale map, usually created at the scale of 1:2500, depicting the value, extent and ownership of land for purposes of taxation
Commercial Agriculture
term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces and the latest technology
Tertiary Activity
the "soft" economy, people use skills, knowledge and time to perform services (sales, advice, experience, education, training and discussion)
Desertification
the enrichment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation-through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animals, and, possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the Earth's environmental zones
Economic Activity
any action that relates to the making, buying, and selling of goods and services
Organic Farming
approach to farming and caching that avoids the use of herbicides and pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs
Climatic Regions
areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics
Globalized Agriculture
as both an economic sector and a geographically distributed activity, modern agriculture is in increasingly dependent on an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization.
Climographs
combonation of a bar and line graph giving info about long term weather patterns.
CAFO
concentrated animal feeding operation which is a large feedlot to fatten animals before slaughter
Third Agricultural Revolution
currently in progress, principal orientation the development of GMOs
Second Agricultural Revolution
dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
Agricultural Location Theory
a model designed by Von Thunen that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city.site or human factors were not considered in this model
Survey Patterns
lines laid out by surveyors prior to the settlement of an area
Industrialization of Food Production
settlement of the west, creation of farms, communities and cities; production of commodities such as cattle and timber; creation of western consumers; extensive extraction of resources through mining and logging; ability to ship commodities nationally through railroads
Rural Settlement Patterns
the variety of landscapes from one culture to the next about how they situate their dwellings. wide range
Neolithic Revolution
(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.
Building Materials
(wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass & brush) houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area.
Feedlot
Confined outdoor or indoor space used to raise hundreds to thousands of domesticated livestock
Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
Food Chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Milpa
A system of effective agriculture used throughout Mesoamerica that relies on crop rotation and the planting of multiple crops in a single field. The term is derived from a Nahuatl word meaning 'field.'
Irrigation
A way of supplying water to an area of land
Norman Borlaug
American agricultural scientist who introduced specially bred crops to developing nations in the 20th century, helping to spur the green revolution.
Slash-and-Burn
Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
Terracing
Carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming
Dispersed
Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area.
Truck Farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.
Double Cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
Village Forms
In rural settlements, linear, cruciform, and radial are all examples
Nomadic Herding
Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.
Staple Grains
Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.
Aquaculture
Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages
Sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained
Domestication
The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves.
Hunting and Gathering
The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Market Gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.
Local Food Production
This term refers to processes, including farming and animal husbandry, that are completed locally to produce food for local consumption.
The Isolated State
Von Thunen's Isolated State model--Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial economy. A process of spatial competiton allocates various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determing force in how far a crop locates from the market. The original (1826) Isolated State model now applies to the continental scale
Von Thunen's Rings
a mdel that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. a process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market
Nucleated
a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
Township-and-Range
a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior
Transhumance
a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
Food Desert
an area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh, and nutritious foods
Intensive Agriculture
characterized by high inputs (labor, capital, or equipment) per unit of land and generally smaller farms. inputs are often not purchased
Extensive Agriculture
characterized by low inputs per unit of land and generally larger farms. inputs frequently purchased (commercial) inputs spread throughout land
Agricultural Hearth Areas
china-rice,ethiopia-coffee,eastern u.s.-corn/wheat big centers of beginning farming
Root Crops/Seed Crops
crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants/ crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of plants
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
crops that carry new traits and have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering
Cash Crops
crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit
Shifting Cultivation
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
First Agricultural Revolution
dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
Monoculture
dependence on a single agricultural commodity
Primary Activity
extracting natural resources, most are raw, materials for industries (also agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying)
Agricbusiness
general term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agricultural industry
Plant Domestication
genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
Animal Domestication
genetic modifications of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
Quinary Activity
highest decision makers, government executives, healthcare, universities and the media
Arable Land
literally, cultivable; land fit for cultivation by one farming method or another
Collective Farming
many small farms combined into one under government control
Commercial manufacturing
must be done in conformance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations & consistent with regulatory submission & validation lots
Luxury Crops
non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
Interillage
practice of mixing different types of seeds and seedlings. can havest more throughout the year because diff plants are being cultivated and reduces amount or risk of crop failure
Secondary Activity
processing, creates finished, usable products (manufacturing and light and heavy industry)
Dairying
production of dairy products; cheese, milk, yogurt primarily from NE United States, SE Canda, NW Europe, India
Plantation Agriculture
production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smacker holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
Carl Saur
prominent cultural geographer, thought the earliest form of cultivation was vegetative planting, later came seed agriculture according to him
Green Revolution
recently successful development of higher yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs
Commodity Chain
serious of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market
Subsistence Agriculture
small farm size, diverse agricultural activity, local consumption, mied crop farming, privately owned, low purchased inputs, little or not product sold mostly intensive
Pastoralism
the breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence (but extensive)
Food Manufacturing
the mass production of food products from raw animal and plan materials utilizing the principles of food technology
Triple Cropping
the process of harvesting one crop and then immediately planting another type of crop on the same land
Agriculture
the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
Livestock Ranching
the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool
Biotechnology manufacturing
the use of GMOs and containing the code of farm products
Long Lots
typically a French land division
Metes and Bounds
typically an English land division
Rectangular Survey
typically found in the US land division
Isotropic
when land is completely flat with not rivers or mountains to interrupt the featureless terrain