Chapter 11 Vocab Set: AGRICULTURE

Quaternary Activity

more specialized services managing information, IT, consulting, R&D, especially FIRE activities: financial, insurance, real estate

Boserup's Thesis

saw population growth as the cause of agricultural productivity

Mediterranean Agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer mediterranean climate prevails

Primogeniture/Cadastral System

system which the eldest son in a family-or, in exceptional cases, daughter- inherits all of a dying parent's land/ a large scale map, usually created at the scale of 1:2500, depicting the value, extent and ownership of land for purposes of taxation

Commercial Agriculture

term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces and the latest technology

Tertiary Activity

the "soft" economy, people use skills, knowledge and time to perform services (sales, advice, experience, education, training and discussion)

Desertification

the enrichment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation-through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animals, and, possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the Earth's environmental zones

Economic Activity

any action that relates to the making, buying, and selling of goods and services

Organic Farming

approach to farming and caching that avoids the use of herbicides and pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs

Climatic Regions

areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics

Globalized Agriculture

as both an economic sector and a geographically distributed activity, modern agriculture is in increasingly dependent on an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization.

Climographs

combonation of a bar and line graph giving info about long term weather patterns.

CAFO

concentrated animal feeding operation which is a large feedlot to fatten animals before slaughter

Third Agricultural Revolution

currently in progress, principal orientation the development of GMOs

Second Agricultural Revolution

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

Agricultural Location Theory

a model designed by Von Thunen that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city.site or human factors were not considered in this model

Survey Patterns

lines laid out by surveyors prior to the settlement of an area

Industrialization of Food Production

settlement of the west, creation of farms, communities and cities; production of commodities such as cattle and timber; creation of western consumers; extensive extraction of resources through mining and logging; ability to ship commodities nationally through railroads

Rural Settlement Patterns

the variety of landscapes from one culture to the next about how they situate their dwellings. wide range

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Building Materials

(wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass & brush) houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area.

Feedlot

Confined outdoor or indoor space used to raise hundreds to thousands of domesticated livestock

Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Food Chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Milpa

A system of effective agriculture used throughout Mesoamerica that relies on crop rotation and the planting of multiple crops in a single field. The term is derived from a Nahuatl word meaning 'field.'

Irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

Norman Borlaug

American agricultural scientist who introduced specially bred crops to developing nations in the 20th century, helping to spur the green revolution.

Slash-and-Burn

Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Terracing

Carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming

Dispersed

Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area.

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.

Double Cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Village Forms

In rural settlements, linear, cruciform, and radial are all examples

Nomadic Herding

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.

Staple Grains

Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.

Aquaculture

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

Domestication

The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves.

Hunting and Gathering

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Market Gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

Local Food Production

This term refers to processes, including farming and animal husbandry, that are completed locally to produce food for local consumption.

The Isolated State

Von Thunen's Isolated State model--Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial economy. A process of spatial competiton allocates various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determing force in how far a crop locates from the market. The original (1826) Isolated State model now applies to the continental scale

Von Thunen's Rings

a mdel that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. a process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

Nucleated

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

Township-and-Range

a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

Transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Food Desert

an area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh, and nutritious foods

Intensive Agriculture

characterized by high inputs (labor, capital, or equipment) per unit of land and generally smaller farms. inputs are often not purchased

Extensive Agriculture

characterized by low inputs per unit of land and generally larger farms. inputs frequently purchased (commercial) inputs spread throughout land

Agricultural Hearth Areas

china-rice,ethiopia-coffee,eastern u.s.-corn/wheat big centers of beginning farming

Root Crops/Seed Crops

crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants/ crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of plants

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

crops that carry new traits and have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Shifting Cultivation

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

First Agricultural Revolution

dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

Monoculture

dependence on a single agricultural commodity

Primary Activity

extracting natural resources, most are raw, materials for industries (also agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying)

Agricbusiness

general term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agricultural industry

Plant Domestication

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

Animal Domestication

genetic modifications of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

Quinary Activity

highest decision makers, government executives, healthcare, universities and the media

Arable Land

literally, cultivable; land fit for cultivation by one farming method or another

Collective Farming

many small farms combined into one under government control

Commercial manufacturing

must be done in conformance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations & consistent with regulatory submission & validation lots

Luxury Crops

non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Interillage

practice of mixing different types of seeds and seedlings. can havest more throughout the year because diff plants are being cultivated and reduces amount or risk of crop failure

Secondary Activity

processing, creates finished, usable products (manufacturing and light and heavy industry)

Dairying

production of dairy products; cheese, milk, yogurt primarily from NE United States, SE Canda, NW Europe, India

Plantation Agriculture

production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smacker holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

Carl Saur

prominent cultural geographer, thought the earliest form of cultivation was vegetative planting, later came seed agriculture according to him

Green Revolution

recently successful development of higher yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs

Commodity Chain

serious of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Subsistence Agriculture

small farm size, diverse agricultural activity, local consumption, mied crop farming, privately owned, low purchased inputs, little or not product sold mostly intensive

Pastoralism

the breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence (but extensive)

Food Manufacturing

the mass production of food products from raw animal and plan materials utilizing the principles of food technology

Triple Cropping

the process of harvesting one crop and then immediately planting another type of crop on the same land

Agriculture

the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber

Livestock Ranching

the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool

Biotechnology manufacturing

the use of GMOs and containing the code of farm products

Long Lots

typically a French land division

Metes and Bounds

typically an English land division

Rectangular Survey

typically found in the US land division

Isotropic

when land is completely flat with not rivers or mountains to interrupt the featureless terrain