chapter 12
59) Movie Giants offers DVD rentals through its Web site. It also offers DVD rentals via Star City stores. This is an example of a(n)________ distribution system. A) conventional B) inclusive C) intensive D) extensive E) multichannel
E) multichannel
57) A(n) ________ system involves a single firm setting up two or more marketing channels to reach one or more customer segments. A) conventional distribution B) corporate vertical marketing C) horizontal marketing D) administered vertical marketing E) multichannel distribution
E) multichannel distribution
20) Which of the following is an indirect business marketing channel? A) producer to retailer to business distributor B) producer to wholesaler to retailer to end consumer C) producer to end-consumer to business distributor D) producer to retailer E) producer to business distributor to business customer
E) producer to business distributor to business customer
2) Which of the following terms refers to the wholesalers and retailers that form a vital link between the firm and its customers? A) factory-supply networks B) downstream partners C) resource banks D) upstream partners E) supply channels
B) downstream partners
93) When a seller requires its dealers to abstain from handling competitors' products, it is called ________. A) subjective distribution B) exclusive dealing C) selective distribution D) exclusive pricing E) disintermediation
B) exclusive dealing
18) The greater the number of channel levels in a marketing channel, the ________. A) less distance between producer and end-consumer B) greater the channel complexity C) less time it takes for products to reach end-consumers D) greater the control producers have over the distribution of their products E) greater the control producers have over the demand of their products
B) greater the channel complexity
114) Smart Shoppers, an online store that delivers its products to homes in and around California, recently switched its entire fleet to biodiesel trucks that run on used cooking oil rather than gas. Smart Shoppers has most likely developed a(n) ________. A) vertical marketing channel B) green supply chain C) multitiered marketing channel D) intermodal transportation system E) hybrid distribution system
B) green supply chain
36) Conflict that occurs among firms at the same level of the marketing channel is known as ________ conflict. A) multitiered B) horizontal C) vertical D) prolonged E) financial
B) horizontal
117) ________ logistics involves moving products from the factory to resellers and ultimately to customers. A) Customer-centered B) Outbound C) Upstream D) Reverse E) Inbound
B) Outbound
Refer to the scenario below to answer the following question(s). Kimberly's Crown sells and designs jewelry. Despite the jewelry's popularity, products are available only through a few shopping stores across the country. 138) What distribution strategy does Kimberly's Crown use? A) exclusive B) intensive C) selective D) inclusive E) extensive 139) When one of the stores complains that the jewelry they're being given is inferior to the jewelry Kimberly sells to other stores, Kimberly experiences ________ conflict. A) horizontal B) multitiered C) vertical D) intensive E) subjective 140) Kimberly decides to alter its distribution strategy so that its jewelry is accessible to the public only through one distributor. The strategy they're considering is known as ________ distribution. A) elusive B) extensive C) exclusive D) selective E) elective 141) What mode of transport should Kimberly use to ship its goods over long distances as quickly as possible? A) flatcars B) water transport C) air transport D) trucks E) railroads
138) C) selective 139) C) vertical 140) C) exclusive 141) C) air transport
Refer to the scenario below to answer the following question(s). Giant Beanstalks is a company based in Maryland that processes and cans vegetables. It has contracts with several large farms in Riverdale, 80 miles away from the factory, that agree to sell their produce to Giant Beanstalks. The company's products are available to the public only through Greenleaf, a grocery chain with 38 stores in the country. 22) Which of the following is Giant Beanstalks' upstream partner? A) the management of Greenleaf B) the farmers of Riverdale C) the trucks that carry Giant Beanstalks' products to Greenleaf D) the end-consumers who buy the canned vegetables from Greenleaf E) the logistics division of Giant Beanstalk 65) What distribution strategy does Giant Beanstalks use? A) inclusive distribution B) exclusive distribution C) selective distribution D) intensive distribution E) extensive distribution 136) Roland is the logistics manager of Giant Beanstalks. Which of the following is NOT an area of responsibility for him? A) the transportation of the canned vegetables to Greenleaf B) the storage of the unprocessed vegetables C) the advertising of the final product D) product inventory management E) the packaging of the final product 136) Roland is the logistics manager of Giant Beanstalks. Which of the following is NOT an area of responsibility for him? A) the transportation of the canned vegetables to Greenleaf B) the storage of the unprocessed vegetables C) the advertising of the final product D) product inventory management E) the packaging of the final product
22) B) the farmers of Riverdale 65) B) exclusive distribution 136) C) the advertising of the final product 137) C) truck
45) Which of the following is true of vertical marketing systems? A) Producers, wholesalers, and retailers act as a unified system. B) Channel members have no control over each other. C) Channel conflict is governed by informal mechanisms. D) The system is dominated by the consumer. E) Channel members work independently with no cooperation from other members.
A) Producers, wholesalers, and retailers act as a unified system.
123) ________ or smart tag technology helps companies locate a product's exact position within its supply chain. A) RFID B) PRM C) VMS D) BCODE E) 3PL
A) RFID
7) Which of the following is most likely true of marketing channel decisions? A) They often involve long-term commitments to other firms. B) They have minimal influence on the prices of products offered to customers. C) They increase the amount of time a company spends connecting with customers. D) They increase the amount of effort a company puts in to distribute goods. E) They are easily altered, replaced, or discarded.
A) They often involve long-term commitments to other firms.
46) Which of the following is a major type of vertical marketing system? A) corporate B) conventional C) multilevel D) intrinsic E) extrinsic
A) corporate
83) Which of the following is an environmental factor that affects channel objectives and design? A) economic conditions B) factory staffing C) organizational objectives D) interpersonal influences E) individual motives
A) economic conditions
89) Ocean Spray sells its air fresheners only through Ray's Drugs. This is an example of ________ distribution. A) exclusive B) selective C) intensive D) indirect E) corporate
A) exclusive
87) With which of the following strategies would a company give only a limited number of dealers the right to distribute its products in their territories? A) exclusive distribution B) extensive distribution C) moderate distribution D) primary distribution E) intensive distribution
A) exclusive distribution
92) When the seller allows only certain outlets to carry its products, this strategy is called ________. A) exclusive distribution B) subjective dealing C) selective distribution D) exclusive pricing E) disintermediation
A) exclusive distribution
130) In intermodal transportation, which of the following describes the use of both water and trucks for transportation? A) fishyback B) drawbar C) trainship D) piggyback E) airtruck
A) fishyback
49) The ________ organization is the most common type of contractual relationship. A) franchise B) horizontal C) conventional D) multi-national E) entrepreneurial
A) franchise
94) Why do firms have difficulty accessing potential market areas in developing countries, such as China and India? A) inadequate distribution systems B) anti-globalization efforts C) highly centralized rural markets D) limited manpower E) high operating costs
A) inadequate distribution systems
88) For which product would a company use an exclusive distribution strategy? A) luxury cars B) newspapers C) chewing gum D) dairy products E) soft drinks
A) luxury cars
50) Ford and its network of independent franchised dealers is an example of a ________. A) manufacturer-sponsored retailer franchise system B) manufacturer-sponsored wholesaler franchise system C) service-firm-sponsored retailer franchise system D) service-firm-sponsored equity strategic alliance E) manufacturer-and-service-sponsored joint venture
A) manufacturer-sponsored retailer franchise system
21) Which of the following is a type of flow that connects all institutions in a marketing channel? A) payment flow B) ownership flow C) physical flow D) promotion flow E) information flow
A) payment flow
5) A ________ is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors, and customers who partner to improve the performance of the entire system. A) value delivery network B) horizontal channel C) consumer base D) product delivery network E) product line
A) value delivery network
41) Stylize, Inc. opened an online store that triggered disagreements between headquarters and the firm's exclusive dealers. This type of a disagreement is known as a(n) ________ conflict. A) vertical B) indirect C) horizontal D) selective E) multitiered
A) vertical
84) ________ distribution is a strategy in which producers of convenience products and raw materials stock their products in as many outlets as possible. A) Direct B) Intensive C) Inclusive D) Exclusive E) Selective
B) Intensive
53) ________ VMS is a vertical marketing system that coordinates successive stages of production and distribution through the size and power of one of the parties. A) Contingent B) Administered C) Corporate D) Contractual E) Aligned
B) Administered
43) Which of the following is true of conventional distribution channels? A) Channel members have complete control over each other. B) Channel members seek to maximize their own profits. C) Channel conflict is governed by formal mechanisms. D) Channel members are assigned roles according to a clearly defined framework. E) Channel members work exclusively for the good of the organization.
B) Channel members seek to maximize their own profits.
116) ________ logistics starts with the marketplace and works backward to the factory or even to sources of supply. A) Outbound B) Customer-centered C) Upstream D) Reverse E) Inbound
B) Customer-centered
34) ________ are complex behavioral systems in which people and companies interact to accomplish individual, company, and channel goals. A) Customer relationship management systems B) Distribution channels C) Partner relationship systems D) Consumer bases E) Buying centers
B) Distribution channels
135) ________ management is the logistics concept that emphasizes teamwork—both inside the company and among all the marketing channel organizations—to maximize the performance of the entire distribution system. A) Logistics inventory B) Integrated logistics C) Logistics information D) Independent logistics E) Group logistics
B) Integrated logistics
8) ________ play an important role in matching supply and demand by providing consumers with a broad assortment of products in small quantities. A) Virtual banks B) Intermediaries C) Price consultants D) Uniform-delivery networks E) Upstream partners
B) Intermediaries
103) ________ management calls for selecting, managing, and motivating individual channel members and evaluating their performance over time. A) Inventory B) Marketing channel C) Brand image D) Customer experience E) Brand content
B) Marketing channel
35) Which of the following is true of channel members? A) They act independent of each other. B) They play specialized roles in the channel. C) They are not accountable to other channel members. D) They play generalized and interchangeable roles in the distribution process. E) Their competence and cooperation don't affect the company's image or profits.
B) They play specialized roles in the channel.
52) In a(n) ________, leadership is assumed not through common ownership or contractual ties but through the size and power of one or a few dominant channel members. A) horizontal marketing system B) administered VMS C) corporate VMS D) contractual VMS E) conventional VMS
B) administered VMS
133) Heart of Midnight sells blue orchids to major florists around the world. Their key requirement is speed. Which of the following modes of transport will help them? A) rail transport B) air carriers C) trucks D) piggybacks E) water transport
B) air carriers
132) Which of the following is the most effective way for a company to ship perishable goods over long distances, if its key requirement is speed? A) pipelines B) air transport C) trucks D) water transport E) trainships
B) air transport
82) Which of the following should be a manufacturer's first step when designing an effective marketing channel? A) set channel objectives B) analyze consumer needs C) identify channel alternatives D) evaluate channel alternatives E) establish strategic alliances
B) analyze consumer needs
10) A ________ is a layer of intermediaries that performs some work in bringing the product and its ownership closer to the final buyer. A) product platform B) channel level C) resource bank D) contact center E) customer franchise
B) channel level
42) A(n) ________ consists of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, and retailers, each seeking to maximize its own profits, sometimes even at the expense of the system as a whole. A) multitiered supply chain B) conventional distribution channel C) intrinsic market matrix D) resource bank E) product platform
B) conventional distribution channel
47) A ________ VMS integrates successive stages of production and distribution under single ownership. A) contractual B) corporate C) contingency D) conventional E) communal
B) corporate
61) Which of the following is a disadvantage of adding new channels in a multichannel distribution system? A) decreasing complexity of markets B) decreasing control over the system C) reducing opportunities for franchising D) lowering sales and market coverage E) minimizing publicity needs
B) decreasing control over the system
11) In a(n) ________ channel, the same member both produces and distributes a product or service to consumers. A) tiered B) direct C) platform D) vertical E) exclusive
B) direct
63) The Bookworm began delivering books directly to customers through mail instead of selling through brick-and-mortar companies. This is an example of ________. A) indirect marketing B) disintermediation C) franchising D) exclusive distribution E) intensive distribution
B) disintermediation
54) In a(n) ________, two or more companies at one level join together to follow a new marketing opportunity. A) administered vertical marketing system B) horizontal marketing system C) corporate vertical marketing system D) hybrid distribution system E) conventional marketing system
B) horizontal marketing system
51) Fire Up makes fireproof clothing material and it licenses select stores around the world to use its material to make finished products with the Fire Up logo. Which of the following type of franchising is evident here? A) manufacturer-sponsored retailer franchise system B) manufacturer-sponsored wholesaler franchise system C) service-firm-sponsored retailer franchise system D) service-firm-sponsored equity strategic alliance E) manufacturer-and-service-sponsored joint venture
B) manufacturer-sponsored wholesaler franchise system
9) From the economic system's point of view, the role of ________ is to transform the assortments of products made by producers into the assortments wanted by consumers. A) upstream partners B) marketing intermediaries C) third-party logistics D) price consultants E) factory supervisors
B) marketing intermediaries
19) Which of the following is a conventional consumer marketing channel? A) producer to business distributor to end consumer B) producer to wholesaler to retailer to end consumer C) producer to end consumer to business customer D) producer to retailer E) producer to business distributor to business customer
B) producer to wholesaler to retailer to end consumer
121) Which of the following is NOT a major logistics function? A) inventory management B) product designing C) warehousing D) transportation E) packaging
B) product designing
119) Reusing, recycling, refurbishing, or disposing of broken, unwanted, or excess products returned by consumers or resellers is known as ________. A) cross merchandising B) reverse logistics C) disintermediation D) diverse logistics E) inbound logistics
B) reverse logistics
90) ________ distribution involves the use of more than one but fewer than all of the intermediaries who are willing to carry a company's products. A) Exclusive B) Selective C) Intensive D) Indirect E) Corporate
B) selective
3) The term supply chain is considered limited because it ________. A) ignores the make-and-sell aspect of the market B) suggests that planning begins with raw materials and factory capacity C) takes a step-by-step, linear view of purchase-production-consumption activities D) takes a sense-and-respond view of the market E) suggests that planning starts with identifying the needs of target customers
B) suggests that planning begins with raw materials and factory capacity
120) ________ management refers to the management of upstream and downstream value-added flows of materials, final goods, and related information among suppliers, the company, resellers, and final consumers. A) Cross B) Supply chain C) Price D) Product cycle E) Customer
B) supply chain
1) The sets of firms that supply companies with the raw materials, components, parts, information, finances, and expertise needed to create products or services are known as ________. A) retailers B) upstream partners C) distributors D) downstream partners E) distribution channels
B) upstream partners
134) Using ________, retailers can share real-time data on sales and current inventory levels with suppliers. A) automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRS) B) vendor-managed inventory (VMI) systems C) transportation management systems (TMS) D) warehouse management systems (WMS) E) distribution center management systems (DCMS)
B) vendor-managed inventory (VMI) systems
37) Conflict that occurs between different levels of the same marketing channel is known as ________ conflict. A) horizontal B) vertical C) multitiered D) equilateral E) communal
B) vertical
40) When KFC came into conflict with its franchisees over the brand's Unthink KFC repositioning, which emphasized grilled chicken over its traditional Kentucky fried chicken, KFC experienced ________ conflict. A) equilateral B) vertical C) multitiered D) communal E) horizontal
B) vertical
44) A(n) ________ marketing system consists of producers, wholesalers, and retailers acting as a unified system. A) horizontal B) vertical C) multitiered D) communal E) equilateral
B) vertical
62) ________ occurs when product or service producers cut out intermediaries and go directly to final buyers or when radically new types of channel intermediaries displace traditional ones. A) Extensive distribution B) Multichannelization C) Disintermediation D) Inclusive distribution E) Cross merchandising
C) Disintermediation
122) ________ are large and highly automated warehouses designed to receive goods from various plants and suppliers, take orders, fill them efficiently, and deliver goods to customers as quickly as possible. A) Loading docks B) Open warehouses C) Distribution centers D) Shipping platforms E) Product platforms
C) Distribution centers
118) ________ logistics refers to moving products and materials from the suppliers to the factory. A) Outbound B) Diverse C) Inbound D) Reverse E) Customer-centered
C) Inbound
91) Which of the following is true of the exclusive distribution strategy? A) It makes products available to everybody, everywhere. B) It is used primarily for convenience items. C) It helps promote a brand's luxury image. D) It gives producers no control over their products. E) It enlists all of the intermediaries willing to carry a company's products.
C) It helps promote a brand's luxury image.
125) Which of the following is true of transporting goods via railroads? A) Railroads are ideal for the transportation of digital technology. B) Railroads are a specialized means of shipping petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from sources to markets. C) Railroads are a cost-effective way to ship large amounts of bulk products over long distances. D) Railroads are the most flexible mode of transportation in their routing and time schedules. E) Railroads are the slowest mode of transportation and are the most affected by the weather.
C) Railroads are a cost-effective way to ship large amounts of bulk products over long distances.
64) Which of the following is true of changes in the organization of distribution channels? A) Developing new channels seldom causes conflict with a company's established channels. B) To remain competitive, product and service producers must use fewer marketing channels. C) The growth of the Internet threatens many brick-and-mortar companies with disintermediation. D) Companies have fewer channel-options today than they did in the past due to economic problems. E) Advances in technology have decreased the number of channels available to entrepreneurial firms.
C) The growth of the Internet threatens many brick-and-mortar companies with disintermediation.
55) Which of the following is most likely a manufacturer-sponsored retailer franchise system? A) international fast food chains like McDonald's and Pizza Hut B) Starbucks outlets operating within Target stores C) Toyota and its network of independent franchised dealers D) licensed bottlers that bottle and sell soft drinks to retailers E) hotel chains like the Ritz Carlton and Shangri-La
C) Toyota and its network of independent franchised dealers
17) Which of the following is an example of an indirect marketing channel? A) June Bride, which sells bridal gowns via its click-to-order online catalogs B) Farmer Brown, who delivers fresh milk from his dairy to customers every morning C) Wine & Dine, which sells its picnic baskets to select novelty stores across the country D) Lifebelt Insurance, which sells life insurance through its door-to-door salespeople E) Rhonda's Rental, which rents cars to people for the day
C) Wine & Dine, which sells its picnic baskets to select novelty stores across the country
16) Plasticine Palace supplies its products exclusively to Arts & Crafts, a chain of stationery stores across the country. The chain then makes the plasticine available to end consumers. This is an example of ________. A) a direct marketing channel B) intensive distribution C) an indirect marketing channel D) disintermediation E) extensive distribution
C) an indirect marketing channel
105) A strategy of exclusive dealing is most likely considered legal if ________. A) the industry is newly developed B) both parties have large territories C) competition is not substantially lessened D) the dealer agrees to promote the competitor's products E) the dealer receives a steady source of supply and support
C) competition is not substantially lessened
48) A ________ VMS consists of independent firms at different levels of production and distribution who join together through formal agreements to obtain more economies or sales impact than each could achieve alone. A) corporate B) contingency C) contractual D) communal E) conventional
C) contractual
106) Which of the following involves the producer agreeing not to sell to other dealers in a given area, or the buyer agreeing to sell only in its own region? A) closed loop marketing B) uniform-delivery pricing C) exclusive territorial agreement D) cross merchandising E) nationalized marketing
C) exclusive territorial agreement
60) Which of the following is an advantage of adding new channels in a multichannel distribution system? A) limiting market complexity B) reducing control over the system C) expanding sales and market coverage D) decreasing marketing needs and costs E) minimizing mass customization of products
C) expanding sales and market coverage
6) A ________ is a set of interdependent organizations that help make a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user. A) product line B) product delivery network C) marketing channel D) consumer base E) resource bank
C) marketing channel
58) Atlas Imports and Exports sells products directly to consumers via the Atlas Web site, and through local retailers as well. Which of the following is evident here? A) corporate vertical marketing system B) horizontal marketing system C) multichannel distribution system D) administered vertical marketing system E) conventional distribution channel
C) multichannel distribution system
4) The term demand chain is considered limited because it ________. A) advocates a make-and-sell view of the market that relies on a responsive supply network B) suggests that planning starts with raw materials, productive inputs, and factory capacity C) takes a step-by-step, linear view of purchase-production-consumption activities D) ignores the evolution of the global marketplace E) overlooks the needs of target customers
C) takes a step-by-step, linear view of purchase-production-consumption activities
128) Which of the following is true about using air carriers as a transportation mode when shipping products? A) Air carriers are the most cost-effective way to ship non-perishable goods over short distances. B) Air carriers are the slowest and least reliable modes of transport. C) Air carriers provide in-transit services such as the processing of goods en route. D) Air carriers are ideal when time is short and speed is needed. E) Air carriers are a specialized means of shipping chemicals from sources to markets.
D) Air carriers are ideal when time is short and speed is needed.
12) Which of the following companies uses a direct marketing channel? A) Fishhooks, a factory that manufactures fishing equipment that it ships to hobby stores worldwide B) Germfight, a factory that manufactures dental products that it distributes only to select department stores C) Apple Blossoms, a company that sells its cosmetics exclusively through Ray's Retail Store D) Holly Wreaths, a store that sells Christmas ornaments to customers via its online click-to-order catalogs E) Showdown, a clothing store that stocks merchandise from different international brands
D) Holly Wreaths, a store that sells Christmas ornaments to customers via its online click-to-order catalogs
115) ________ involves planning, implementing, and controlling the physical flow of goods, services, and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit. A) Advertising B) Product positioning C) Mass customization D) Marketing logistics E) Branding
D) Marketing logistics
127) ________ are a specialized means of shipping petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from sources to markets. A) Air tunnels B) Rail flatcars C) Steam ships D) Pipelines E) Airlines
D) Pipelines
124) Which of the following is true of using trucks as a transportation mode? A) Transportation via trucks is costlier than by rail or air. B) Trucks are a specialized means of shipping petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from sources to markets. C) Trucks provide in-transit services such as the diversion of shipped goods to other destinations en route. D) Trucks are highly flexible in their routing and time schedules. E) Trucks are the slowest mode of transportation and most affected by the weather.
D) Trucks are highly flexible in their routing and time schedules.
13) Lifebelt Insurance sells insurance only through its door-to-door salespeople. What type of marketing channel does Lifebelt use? A) inclusive B) multitiered C) indirect D) direct E) selective
D) direct
107) Producers of strong brands sometimes sell to dealers only on the condition that dealers take some or all of the rest of a product line. This practice is known as ________. A) product line franchising B) selective dealing C) cross merchandising D) full-line forcing E) disintermediation
D) full-line forcing
15) A marketing channel that consists of one or more intermediaries is known as a(n) ________ marketing channel. A) cyclic B) upstream C) looped D) direct E) indirect
E) indirect
39) The management of two Panizza restaurants has an ongoing disagreement over the discount rate given to students from the local high school. This is an example of ________ conflict. A) intensive B) selective C) exclusive D) horizontal E) vertical
D) horizontal
86) Whitelight sells its toothpastes in many convenience stores across the country. This is an example of ________ distribution. A) exclusive B) selective C) hybrid D) intensive E) normal
D) intensive
104) To help recruit, train, organize, manage, motivate, and evaluate relationships with channel partners, companies are now installing integrated high-tech ________ systems. A) advertiser funded programming B) customer segmentation network C) brand content management D) partnership relationship management E) closed loop marketing
D) partnership relationship management
129) In intermodal transportation, which of the following describes the use of both rail and trucks for transportation? A) fishyback B) drawbar C) trainship D) piggyback E) airtruck
D) piggyback
85) For which of the following products would the intensive distribution strategy most likely be used? A) high-end cameras B) luxury cars C) lawn mowers D) soft drinks E) furniture
D) soft drinks
131) Which of the following is the most effective way for a company to ship bulky, non-perishable products if its key requirement is low price? A) pipelines B) air transport C) trucks D) water carriers E) piggyback
D) water carriers
126) Which of the following is true of shipping goods via water transportation? A) Water transportation is an efficient way to ship perishable merchandise over long distances. B) Water carriers are highly flexible in their routing and time schedules. C) Water transportation provides in-transit services, such as the processing of goods en route. D) Water transportation is ideal when time is short and speed is needed. E) Water transportation is the slowest mode of transportation and the most affected by the weather.
E) Water transportation is the slowest mode of transportation and the most affected by the weather.
14) At its most basic form, a marketing channel consists of the producer and the ________. A) retailer B) sales agent C) competitor D) processor E) consumer
E) consumer
38) Managers at the Imperial Hotel-Chicago complained that the chain's overall image was hurt because Imperial Hotel-Dallas was overcharging guests and providing poor service. The Imperial Hotel was experiencing ________ conflict. A) equilateral B) vertical C) multitiered D) communal E) horizontal
E) horizontal
56) When McDonald's offers its products inside of a Walmart store, it is using a(n) ________. A) conventional marketing system B) corporate VMS C) contractual VMS D) administered VMS E) horizontal marketing system
E) horizontal marketing system
