Chapter 12
What are some of the things that the water in the body fluids does? (7)
*Carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body *Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen *Participates in metabolic reactions *Serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities *Acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb *Aids in the regulation of normal body temperature, as the evaporation of sweat from the skin removes excess removes excess heat from the body *Maintains blood volume ~To support these and other vital functions, the body actively maintains an appropriate water balance.
Is soft water or hard water better for you?
*Soft water may seem more desirable around the house, and some homeowners purchase water softeners that replace magnesium and calcium with sodium. In the body, however, soft water with sodium may aggravate hypertension and heart disease. *In contrast, the minerals in hard water may benefit these conditions.
Percentage of Water in Selected Foods
100% {water} 90-99% {Fat-free milk, strawberries, watermelon, lettuce, cabbage, celery, spinach, broccoli} 80-89% {Fruit juice, yogurt, apples, grapes, oranges, carrots} 70-79% {Shrimp, bananas, corn, potatoes, avocados, cottage cheese, ricotta cheese} 60-69% {Pasta, legumes, salmon, ice cream, chicken breast} 50-59% {Ground beef, hot dogs, feta cheese} 40-49% {Pizza} 30-39% {Cheddar cheese, bagels, bread} 20-29% {Pepperoni sausage, cake, biscuits} 10-19% {Butter, margarine, raisins} 1-9% {Crackers, cereals, pretzels, taco shells, peanut butters, nuts} 0% {Oils,sugars}
How much of the body does water make up?
60%
Water constitutes about how much of an adult's body weight and how much of a child's?
60% of an adult and even more of a child.]
What is the hypothalamus?
A brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.
What is the antidiuretic hormone? (ADH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium concentration in the blood). It stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water and therefore to excrete less.
_______ is a water-conserving hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.
ADH *Consequently, the more water you need, the less your kidneys excrete. *These events also trigger thirst.
What depresses ADH activity? (Highlight ch.7)
Alcohol, thus promoting fluid losses and dehydration.
The _______ and _______ of water a person drinks may have positive or negative heath effects.
Amount; type
The condition in which body water output exceeds water input. Symptoms include thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness.
Dehydration
What happens when you ingest 10-20 liters of water within a few hours?
Excessive water ingestion dilutes the sodum concentration of the blood and contributes to a dangerous condition known as hyponatremia. *For this reason, guidelines suggest limiting fluid intake during times of heavy sweating to between 1 and 1.5 liters per hour.
What is the fluid outside the cells called?
Extracellular
The proportion of water is generally smaller in what people? Why?
Females, obese people, and the elderly. Because of their smaller proportion of lean tissue.
Water, calcium, and all the other major minerals support what?
Fluid balance and bone health
_______ maintain the blood volume, which in turn influences blood pressure.
Fluids
A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood.
Hyponatremia
What is the difference between hard water and soft water?
In practical terms, soft water makes more bubbles with less soap; hard water leaves a ring on the tub, a crust of rocklike crystals in the teakettle, and a gray residue in the laundry.
What is the fluid between the cells called?
Intercellular or interstitial
What is the fluid that surrounds each cell called?
Interstitial
What is the fluid within the cells called?
Intracellular
What are some of the things that water does for your body?
It assists with the transport of nutrients and waste products throughout the body, participates in chemical reactions, acts as a solvent, serves as a shock absorber, and regulates body temperature.
What is water intoxication?
It is rare but can occur with excessive water ingestion and kidney disorders that reduce urine production.
What is central to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?
Kidneys
What is the AI (for total water) for men, women, and what are the conversion factors? (p.385)
Men: 3.7 L/day Women: 2.7 L/day Conversion factors: *1L = 1qt = 32oz = 4c
Water generated during metabolism is called what?
Metabolic water
A _______ (a working unit of the kidney). Each kidney contains more than one million of these? (p.387)
Nephron
Fluid (_______) within the blood vessels (____________). Diagram on p.385.
Plasma; intravascular
What does soft water do to contaminant materials?
Soft water more easily dissolves certain contaminant materials, such as cadmium and lead, from old plumbing pipes. These contaminant minerals harm the body by displacing the nutrient minerals from their normal sites of action.
You don't even want to know how remember the minerals lol. Here is the acronym. (SC isn't PC when she has PMS hahahaha) #whatever_works
The Minerals-An Overview Sodium Chloride Potassium Calcium -----calcium Roles in the body -----calcium Recommendations&sources -----calcium Deficiency Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfate Highlight 12 (Osteoporosis and Calcium) :O
What is obligatory water excretion? How much?
The amount of water the body has to excrete each day to dispose of its wastes; about 500 mL (about 2 c, or a pint).
What is water balance?
The balance between water intake and output (losses)
What happens when water intake is inadequate?
The blood becomes concentrated (having lost water but not the dissolved substances within it), the mouth becomes dry, and the hypothalamus initiates drinking behavior.
The body maintains an appropriate balance and distribution of fluids with the help of another class of nutrients called what?
The minerals
What happens when water intake is excessive?
The stomach expands and stretch receptors send signals to stop drinking. Similar signals are sent from receptors in the heart as blood volume increases.
What are the symptoms of water intoxication?
The symptoms may include confusion, convulsions, and even death in extreme cases.
What do the symptoms of dehydration progress to?
The symptoms of dehydration may progress rapidly from thirst to weakness, exhaustion, and delirium--and at the end in death if not corrected.
What should people do who live in building with old plumbing?
They should run the cold water tap a minute of two to flush out harmful minerals whenever the water faucet has been off for more than six hours.
What is the first sign of dehydration?
Thirst, the signal that the body has already lost some of its fluid.
______ and _______ influence water intake, apparently in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves.
Thirst; satiety
What are some things that could happen if you don't consume enough water?
Urinary stones, constipation, lack of concentration, lack of alertness, and short-term memory loss.
In addition to its antidiuretic effect, ADH elevates blood pressure and so is also called what??
Vasopressin vaso= vessel press= pressure
The body needs more _______ each day than any other nutrient.
Water
What is the fluid in which all life processes occur?
Water
_______ is an essential nutrient, more important to life than any of the others.
Water
What is the point of this chapter?
Water and the body fluids. Minerals that help regulate body fluids, many of the other important functions minerals perform in the body.
To maintain ________________, intake from liquids, foods, and metabolism must equal losses from the kidneys, skin, lungs, and GI tract.
Water balance
What is artesian water?
Water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water is under pressure.
The rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments.
Water intoxication
What is bottled water?
Water that we have to pay for lol.
What is hard water?
Water with a high calcium and magnesium content.
What is soft water?
Water with a high sodium or potassium content.
You can only survive a few days without water, whereas a deficiency of the other nutrients may take how long?
Weeks, months, or even years to develop.
What is dehydration?
When too much water is lost from the body and not replaced. *Thirst drives a person to seek water, but it lags behind the body's need.
When does the hypothalamus signal the pituitary gland to release ADH?
Whenever blood volume or blood pressure falls too low, or whenever the extracellular fluid becomes too concentrated. *These events also trigger thirst.
How can dehydration easily develop?
With either water deprivation or excessive water losses.