Chapter 12: Blood
DNA microarray (also called DNA chip) technology
(a method), revealed that the cells of most patients who do not improve produce different proteins than the cancer cells of patients who do respond to the drugs used to treat ALL.
4 to 6 million cells per microliter of blood.
- What is the average RBC count?
Leukocytosis
- a condition where person has greater than 10,500 WBC per uL of blood.
polycythemia
- a condition where there is an excessive increase in red blood - this causes viscous, slow moving blood and oxygen deficiency
Neutrophils
- have fine, purple-staining cytoplasmic granules and a nucleus with 2 - 5 lobes; they comprise 54 - 62% of leukocytes
A differential white blood cell count (DIFF)
- lists percentages of the various types of leukocytes in a blood sample. -This test is useful because the relative proportions of white blood cells may change in particular diseases.
Eosinophils
- moderate inflammation and allergic reactions, and defend against parasitic infections
Lymphocytes called B cells
- produce antibodies that attack specific foreign substances that enter the body.
Plasma
-comprise 55%. of a blood sample - a clear, straw-colored liquid. - is a complex mixture of water, gases, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes
biconcave discs
-shape of RBC . This shape is an adaptation for transporting the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Leukopenia
<3,500 WBC per uL if blood
anemia.
A deficiency of red blood cells or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain results in a condition called ?
leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell count - A total white blood cell count below 3,500 per microliter of blood. -may accompany typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, or poliomyelitis.
-about 5 liters (5.3 quarts), 4-5 liters in a female and 5-6 liters in a male.
An average-size adult has a blood volume of ?
5.3 quarts (5 liters)
An average-sized adult has a blood volume of about ______________?
polycythemia.
An excessive increase in red blood cells is called - increases blood viscosity, slowing blood flow and impairing circulation.
transports substances throughout the body helps to maintain a stable interstitial fluid environment, and distributes heat ransports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells, and removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
Functions of blood
Granulocytes:
Have a short life-span, about 12 hours
Heme and globin
Hemoglobin from the decomposed red blood cells is converted into ____________.
size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics
How are the 5 types of leukocytes differentiated?
1/3 Hemoglobin
How much is HgB in a red blood cell?
55% of the blood volume.
How much plasma is there is blood?
150,000 to 350,000 per microliter
In normal blood, the platelet count varies from ?.
red bone marrow
RBC reproduce/formed as an adult
hematopoietic stem cells (or hemocytoblasts);
RBCs are produced from ________________ they go through several stages of development before becoming mature RBCs
120 days.
The average life span of a red blood cell is ?
neutrophils and monocytes
The most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are
hematocrit (HCT)
The percentage of formed elements in the blood is normally 45%, and is mainly red blood cells; this percentage is called the ________?
Platelets (plāt′letz), or thrombocytes
They arise from very large cells in red bone marrow, called megakaryocytes (meg″ah-kar′e-o-sĭtz), that fragment, releasing small pieces—platelets—into the circulation.
Eosinophils
WBC that becomes more abundant during certain parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
Monocytes
Wbc that differentiate further to become macrophages, which engulf larger particles than neutrophils can. Both cells types contain many lysosomes that help breakdown organic molecules
120 days
What is the average life span of RBC?
oxyhemoglobin,
When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, it forms _______ which gives blood its bright red color.
<1%
White blood cells and platelets make ______ of blood volume
the drug imatinib (Gleevec)
a drug that specifically targets only the cancer cells by nestling into ATP-binding sites on a version of an enzyme called a tyrosine kinase that is found only in cancer cells
In sickle cell disease,
a single DNA base mutation changes one amino acid in the protein part of hemoglobin, causing hemoglobin to crystallize in a low-oxygen environment.
Blood
a type of connective tissue in which cells are suspended in a liquid of extracellular matrix -transports substances between body and cells and the external environment, helps maintain stable internal environment.
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
actions may help to limit or prevent blood loss
hemochromatosis
an inherited disorder that results in the absorption of iron in the small intestine at ten times the normal rate. - Iron builds up in organs, to toxic levels. Treatment is periodic blood removal, as often as every week.
antigen
any molecule that triggers an immune response
Red Blood Cells
are biconcave discs with shapes that increased the surface area. - contains hemoglobin that combines loosely with O2
Lymphocytes
are long-lived (many years); smallest of the WBCs; have a large, round nucleus, and account for 25 - 33% of circulating leukocytes
Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
are needed for the DNA synthesis especially of hematopoietic tissues - needed for reproduction of all body cells.
Monocytes
are the largest circulating blood cells, have variably-shaped nuclei, and make up 3 - 9% of circulating leukocytes; have a life-span of weeks to months
Lymphocytes
are the major WBCs in specific immune reactions; one type, called B cells, produces antibodies
LEUKEMIA
cancer of white blood cells, WBC multiplies up to 10 x the number of WBC
throb
clot
An acute Leukemia
condition appears suddenly, symptoms progress rapidly, and without treatment, death occurs in a few months.
A total number of white blood cells exceeding 10,500 per microliter of blood constitutes
constitutes leukocytosis indicating acute infection.
Eosinophils
contain coarse, uniformly sized cytoplasmic granules that appear deep red in acid stain
Anemia
deficiency of in RBC or quantity of hemoglobin
Red Blood Cell count
equals the number of cell per microliter of blood. - determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
-stasis
halt
lymphocyte
has a large, round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm (fig. 12.11). These cells account for 25% to 33% of circulating leukocytes. Lymphocytes may live for years.
Eosinophils
have coarse granules that stain deep red, a bilobed nucleus, and make up 1 - 3% of circulating leukocytes
Neutrophils
have fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple in neutral stain.
Lymphocytes
important in immunity.
lymphoid
in which the cancer cells are lymphocytes, produced in lymph nodes
Platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia)
increases clotting time, causing bruises and bleeding.
Plasma
is a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes
Blood
is a type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix.
Coagulation ("clotting")
is an enzymatic reaction that changes soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads, leading to the formation of a blood clot.
An antigen (an′tĭ-jen),
is any molecule that triggers an immune response, the body's reaction to invasion by a foreign substance or organism. -is a reaction between antigens and specific antibodies.
Heme
is decomposed into iron, which is stored or converted into biliverdin, and then bilirubin, both of which are excreted in bile
Iron
is needed for hemoglobin synthesis most of the iron comes my recycled old red blood cells.
antibodies
is produced When the immune system encounters an antigen not found on the body's own cells, it will attack
Blood heart and blood vessels
make up the cardiovascular system?
Basophils
migrate to damaged tissues, and release histamine to promote inflammation, and heparin to inhibit blood clotting
4,700,000-6,100,000 per microliter, male; 4,200,000-5,400,000 per microliter, female;
number of RBCs in blood.
Eosinophils
only weakly phagocytic, but they are attracted to and can kill certain parasites. -help control inflammation and allergic reactions by removing biochemicals associated with these reactions
Liquid Plasma
part of the blood that includes water gasses nutrients hormones electrolytes cellular wastes
hematocrit
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells in given volume of blood.
hematocrit (HCT)
percentage of red blood cells in the blood
Macrophages
phagocytize and destroy damaged red blood cells, primarily in the liver and spleen. - - are large, phagocytic, wandering cells.
bil-
pigment excreted in the bile.
from 150,000 to 350,000 per microliter.
platelet count of a normal person's blood.
Megakaryocytes, and therefore
platelets, develop from hematopoietic stem cells (see fig. 12.4) in response to the hormone thrombopoietin (throm″bo-poi′ĕ-tin).
erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells
Formed Elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
hemostasis (he″mo-sta′sis)
refers to the process that stops bleeding, which is vitally important when blood vessels are damaged
Basophils
release heparin, which inhibits blood clotting, and histamine, which promotes inflammation. -play a major role in allergic reactions
Basophils
similar to eosinophils in size and shape of their nuclei, but have fear irregularly shaped granules and appear deep blue in stain have fewer granules than eosinophils; granules stain blue; they account for <1% of leukocytes
agglutination,
the clumping of red blood cells.
amino acid and reused
the globin is broken down into _____ and ______.
Monocytes
the largest blood cells, are two to three times greater in diameter than red blood cells
diapedesis
the movement when Leukocytes can squeeze between the cells that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels.
3,500 to 10,500 cells.
the number of leukocytes in a microliter of human blood, called the white blood cell count
The number of neutrophils
this type of WBC usually increases during bacterial infections.
agglutin-
to glue together
-poie
to make, to produce
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
types of granular leukocytes
a microliter (µL or mcL or 1 mm3)
unit of measuring RBC - the number of red blood cells in ?
interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
what are the 2 Hormones that stimulate WBC production ?
Males: 4.7 to 6.1 cells per mm3 Females 4.2 to 5.4 cells per mm
what are the typical RBC for men and woman.
erythropoietin,
what is released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low oxygen levels?
deoxyhemoglobin
when oxygen is, hemoglobin turns into
myeloid leukemia (CML).
when red bone marrow was flooding her circulation with too many granulocytes, most of them poorly differentiated
yolk sac, liver, and spleen;
where are RBC's formed in the embryo and fetus?
hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
where is WBC count formed?