Chapter 12: Family

What is cohabitation?

Living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning About 24% of all never-married Americans between 25 and 34 years old are cohabiting.

Most women would prefer not to be one welfare, but the nature of the systems means what to them?

means that they often end up with less income and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work.

What are the different family structures?

nuclear family extended family

Women today often have two jobs. What are these two?

paid labor outside of the home and unpaid labor inside the home.

What are the two forms of polygamy?

polygyny and polyandry

What are the results of the industrial revolution?

- A gendered division of labor arose in the household - As the mobility of families searching for paid labor opportunities increased, they became separated from their kinship networks - Family structures changed from grapevine forms to "beanpole" families in which kinship ties are vertical. - The rise of the cult of domesticity

What happen to families after world war 2?

- By the 1950s, the nuclear family model had already come to be idealized - It was never traditional, timeless, or universal; it was a response to the specific conditions of the post-World War 2 economic boom in the U.S. - Even at its height, this family model was mostly attainable only by white middle-and upper-class families?

What factors in when choosing a romantic partner?

- Choosing a romantic partner doesn't depend solely on attraction, how well we get along, or shared life goals. - Whether we realize it or not, there are also legal and cultural factors that affect our choice.

What is is divorce/what causes it?

- Divorce is a constant in our society, and debates will continue about its effects on children - The only certainty may be the high levels of parental conflict --whether between married parents or divorced parents -- are harmful to children

What were the several factors that have brought about significant changes in the organization of work and family since the 1970s?

- Increasing divorce rates - Decreasing marriage and fertility rates - Increasing participation of women in the workforce.

What are some of the things caused by the industrial revolution for men and women family wise?

- Men became associated with the public world of wage-earning work. - Women were regelated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid.

Latinxs come from many different countries and cultural backgrounds, but some characteristics can be identified as common. What are these?

- Strong family and communities ties - Adherence to traditional gender Role - Devout Catholicism - High marriage rates - low divorce rates

How is inequality created at home?

- The size of a family and its resources can affect how parents relate to each of their children and create inequalities among siblings. - Bird order and "natural" abilities also play a role, but the bottom line is that in the home, a status hierarchy between siblings often fosters inequality.

What is Miscegenation?

- The technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning " a mixing of kinds" - It is politically and historically charged, and sociologists generally prefer the term exogamy or out-marriage.

What is the statistic for both women and men being raped, physically attacked, and/or stalked by an intimate partner at some point?

1/3 of women 1/4 of men

What can the family be a battle ground for?

Can be a battle ground for power over decisions about chores, raising children, spending money, and so on.

What is Polyandry?

A system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands, is rarer form of polygamy.

What did W.E.B. Du Boise argue about the high rate of female-headed families in the African American community?

Argued that it was a result of racial oppression and poverty, not cause of it.

What is diversity of families?

Families today come in many forms including blended families with step siblings or half-siblings, families with same-sex parents, interracial families, and immigrant families.

What did the Industrial Revolution create for families?

It created a division between work and home.

What is polygyny?

It is a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives.

What is polygamy?

It is a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time.

What is a nuclear family?

It is a traditional family consisting of a father and mother and their children.

What is elder abuse?

It is new field of study that investigates physical, verbal, and financial abuse intentionally or unintentionally perpetrated against people who are at least 57 years old.

What is monogamy?

It is the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship with) one person at a time.

what is an extended family?

It refers to familial networks that extend beyond the nuclear family and may extend beyond the home.

What is exogamy?

It refers to marriage to someone from a different social group.

What is endogamy?

It refers to marriage to someone within one's social group (race, ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality.)

What was the Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court case?

It was a 1967 Supreme Court case that ended anti miscegenation laws (laws that said that interracial couples could not marry)

American American communities tend to have expend notions of what?

Kinship, including nonblood relatives.

African American women often take on what type of role when providing for their families?

Often take on a leading role.

What are some of the challenges do singe nonworking mothers face?

The face many challenges including the attitude of critics of welfare, who think that they prefer being on welfare to working.

What is the rise of the cult of domesticity?

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing.

What did feminist theorist suggest that gender roles are learned where?

They are learned in the family.

How are people in families defined by sociologists?

They may or may not share a household, but family members are interdependent na have a sense of mutual responsibility for one another's care.

How did preindustrial families operate?

They operated like small business: the home was a site of work and production, and the entire family was involved.

Where did premodern families receive help and support?

They received help and support through kinship networks: strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (ex. marriage)

What is second shift?

Women's responsibility for housework and child care -- everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.

What familial relationships does abuse, neglect, and manipulation happen?

all familial relationships.

What is the most frequent form of family violence?

siblings abusing siblings

Within a two-career household parents are most likely to do what?

spend their at-home time on separate -- and unequal -- tasks.