Chapter 12 Mastering

The thymus is indicated by

Label B

Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by

Label C

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?

The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

antigen

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

skin and mucous membranes

For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable?

snake bites

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?

spleen

Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?

bone marrow

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen

cervical lymph nodes

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

chills

Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called

neutralization

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called

precipitation

From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph?

right arm

What role do plasma cells play in the immune response?

secrete antibodies into body fluids

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?

self-antigens

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT

stimulate the release of lysozyme

Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

subclavian veins

Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis?

the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules

What does fever accomplish?

Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.

Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?

IgG

The Peyer's patches are indicated by

Label D

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of

T cells

What type of immunity do vaccines provide?

active, artificially acquired immunity

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of

acute inflammation

Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?

agglutination

Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

allergic contact dermatitis

Humoral immunity is provided by

antibodies

What is humoral immunity?

antibody-mediated immune response

What are the substances that activate the immune system called?

antigens

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?

antihistamines

In an allergic person, which of the following would result in anaphylactic shock?

bee sting

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from

blood

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

constant region

Which of the following is NOT involved in acute hypersensitivity?

cytokinins

What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?

cytotoxic T cells

What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called

helper T cells

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, targets and destroys

helper T cells

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?

antibody production

What are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of?

the body's own cells

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called

complement fixation

What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells?

complement fixation

Which inflammatory process is triggered by histamine?

dilation of blood vessels

Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms?

immune system

What happens to the fluid filtered from blood capillaries?

It becomes interstitial fluid, enters lymphatic vessels, and is returned to the bloodstream.

What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes?

thymus

Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?

type I diabetes mellitus

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered

immunocompetent

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by

individual genetic makeup

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by

macrophages

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?

macrophages

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed

naturally acquired active immunity

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide

passive immunity

Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?

pathogens

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?

the pumping action of the heart

Where are the tonsils located?

throat (pharynx)

Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?

thymus

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

What is the function of histamine?

triggers inflammatory response

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true?

T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.

Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense?

The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease.

What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?

an autograft

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called

anaphylactic shock

What condition occurs when the body makes antibodies against self-antigens?

autoimmune disease

Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

virus

What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called?

xenografts

What is the function of complement proteins?

bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of

complement fixation

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called

diapedesis

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called

edema

What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called?

haptens

All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the

heart

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

helper T cells

What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens?

B and T lymphocytes

What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells?

IgM

How do antibodies prevent viruses from attacking cells?

They bind to viral antigens and neutralize the virus particles.

Where do lymphatic vessels originate during fetal development?

They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.

Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers?

because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age

What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?

cytotoxic T cells

Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells?

helper T cells

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

lung cancer

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive

vaccines

What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?

variable or V region

What is the origin of lymphatic vessels?

veins of the blood vascular system

Which statement is true of antibody IgE

IgE is involved in allergies.

What is the benefit of a moderate fever?

inhibits bacterial growth

What antibody class is most abundant in plasma, is important in fixing complement, and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn?

IgG

The lymph duct is indicated by

Label A

The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by

Label A

The tonsils are indicated by

Label A

A lymph node is indicated by

Label B

The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by

Label C

The spleen is indicated by

Label C

A lymph capillary is indicated by

Label D

Blood capillaries are indicated by

Label E

How do phagocytic cells protect the body from invading pathogens?

They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.

All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.

True

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

interferons

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?

interferons

What tissue or organ filters lymph?

lymph node

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by

lymph nodes

Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

lymph nodes

Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the

lymphatic system

What structures are major components of the lymphatic system?

lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?

lymphocytes