Chapter 12 Mastering
The thymus is indicated by
Label B
Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by
Label C
Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?
The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.
antigen
What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?
skin and mucous membranes
For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable?
snake bites
What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?
spleen
Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?
spleen
Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?
bone marrow
Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen
cervical lymph nodes
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?
chills
Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called
neutralization
How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?
plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies
Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called
precipitation
From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph?
right arm
What role do plasma cells play in the immune response?
secrete antibodies into body fluids
Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?
self-antigens
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT
stimulate the release of lysozyme
Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
subclavian veins
Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis?
the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules
What does fever accomplish?
Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.
Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?
IgG
The Peyer's patches are indicated by
Label D
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of
T cells
What type of immunity do vaccines provide?
active, artificially acquired immunity
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of
acute inflammation
Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?
agglutination
Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
allergic contact dermatitis
Humoral immunity is provided by
antibodies
What is humoral immunity?
antibody-mediated immune response
What are the substances that activate the immune system called?
antigens
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?
antihistamines
In an allergic person, which of the following would result in anaphylactic shock?
bee sting
Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from
blood
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?
constant region
Which of the following is NOT involved in acute hypersensitivity?
cytokinins
What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?
cytotoxic T cells
What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?
destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called
helper T cells
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, targets and destroys
helper T cells
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?
antibody production
What are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of?
the body's own cells
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called
complement fixation
What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells?
complement fixation
Which inflammatory process is triggered by histamine?
dilation of blood vessels
Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms?
immune system
What happens to the fluid filtered from blood capillaries?
It becomes interstitial fluid, enters lymphatic vessels, and is returned to the bloodstream.
What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes?
thymus
Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?
type I diabetes mellitus
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered
immunocompetent
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by
individual genetic makeup
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by
macrophages
Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?
macrophages
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed
naturally acquired active immunity
Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide
passive immunity
Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?
pathogens
Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?
the pumping action of the heart
Where are the tonsils located?
throat (pharynx)
Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?
thymus
The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.
tonsils
What is the function of histamine?
triggers inflammatory response
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as
MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true?
T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.
Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense?
The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease.
What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?
an autograft
Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called
anaphylactic shock
What condition occurs when the body makes antibodies against self-antigens?
autoimmune disease
Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
virus
What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called?
xenografts
What is the function of complement proteins?
bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of
complement fixation
The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called
diapedesis
Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called
edema
What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called?
haptens
All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the
heart
What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?
helper T cells
What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens?
B and T lymphocytes
What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells?
IgM
How do antibodies prevent viruses from attacking cells?
They bind to viral antigens and neutralize the virus particles.
Where do lymphatic vessels originate during fetal development?
They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.
Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers?
because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age
What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?
cytotoxic T cells
Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells?
helper T cells
Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
lung cancer
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive
vaccines
What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?
variable or V region
What is the origin of lymphatic vessels?
veins of the blood vascular system
Which statement is true of antibody IgE
IgE is involved in allergies.
What is the benefit of a moderate fever?
inhibits bacterial growth
What antibody class is most abundant in plasma, is important in fixing complement, and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn?
IgG
The lymph duct is indicated by
Label A
The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by
Label A
The tonsils are indicated by
Label A
A lymph node is indicated by
Label B
The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by
Label C
The spleen is indicated by
Label C
A lymph capillary is indicated by
Label D
Blood capillaries are indicated by
Label E
How do phagocytic cells protect the body from invading pathogens?
They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.
All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.
True
What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?
interferons
What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons
What tissue or organ filters lymph?
lymph node
Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by
lymph nodes
Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?
lymph nodes
Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the
lymphatic system
What structures are major components of the lymphatic system?
lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs
What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?
lymphocytes