Chapter 12 Section 4

Looking ahead

By the early 1900s, protest and resistance to British rule increased. Some Indian nationalist urged that Indian languages and cultures be restored. More and more Indians demanded not simply self-rule but complete independence. Finally would be achieved in 1947, but only after a long struggle against the British and a nightmare a bloody conflict between Hindus and Muslims.

III. Different views on culture

During the age of imperialism, Indians in British developed different views of each other's culture. Both the British and the Indians were divided in their opinions.

IV. Indian nationalism

During the years of British rule, I class of the western educated Indians emerged. In the view of Macaulay and others, this elite class would bolster British power. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. Schooled in western ideals such as democracy and equality hey dreamed of ending imperial rule.

I. East India Company and sepoy rebellion

In the early 1600s, the British East India Company one trading rights on the fringe of the Mongol Empire. As Mungle power declined, the company's influence grew. By the mid-1800s, a controlled 3/5 of India.

II. British colonial rule

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India. Viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen, and British officials held the top positions in the civil service and army. Indians filled most other jobs. With their cooperation, the British made India the brightest jewel in the crown of their empire. British policies were designed to fit India into the overall British economy. At the same time, British officials felt they were helping him get to modernize. In their terms, modernizing meant adopting not only Western technology but also Western culture.

Rebellion and aftermath

Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers. Sepoy rebellion swept across northern and central India. Several sepoy regiments marched off to Delhi, the old Mungle capital. They were, they held the last Mongol ruler as their leader. The support is virtually massacred British men, women, and children in some places. But the British in Raleigh and crushed the revolt. They then took terrible Revenge for there earlier losses, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. The supply rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, miss trust on both sides. It also brought major changes in Birch policy. In 1858 Parliament and did the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown. And send more troops to India, Texan Indians to pay the cost these occupying forces. While it slowed the reforms that had angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued to develop India for Britain's own economic benefit.

Muslim league

At first, Muslims in and do his work together for sellthrough. In time however Muslims route to resent a new domination of the Congress party. They also worried that a Hindu run government would impress Muslims. In 1906 Muslims formed the Muslim league to pursue their own goals. Soon, they were talking of a separate Muslim state.

Unequal partnership

Britain saw India as a market and as a source of raw materials. To this end, the British built roads and an impressive railroad network. Improved transportation left the British to sell their factory made goods across the subcontinent and carry Indian cotton, Jude, and cole to coastal ports for transportation to factories in England. New methods of communication, such as the telegraph, also gave Britain better control of India. After Suez Canal opened in 1869, British trade with India sword. But her main unequal partnership, favoring the British. The British flooded India with inexpensive, machine made textiles, ruining India's once prosperous hand weaving industry. Britain also transformed Indian agriculture. Encourage nomadic herders to settle into firing and pushed farmers to grow cash crops, such as cotton and Jute, that could be sold on the world market. Clearing do farmlands lead to massive deforestation, or cutting of trees.

Indian attitudes

I'm educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress. These mostly upper class Indians learn English and adopted western ways. Other Indians felt that the answer to change light in their own Hindu or Muslim cultures.In the early 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy combined both views. A great scholar, he knew Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic classics, as well as English, Greek, and Latin works. Roy felt the India could learn from the west. At the same time, he wanted to revitalize and reform traditional Indian culture. Roy condemned some traditions, such as rigid cast distinctions, child marriage, SATI, and PURDAH, the isolation of women in different quarters. But he also set up educational societies that helped revive pride in Indian culture. Because of his influence on later leaders, is often held today as the founder of Indian nationalism.

Indian national Congress

In 1885, nationalist leaders organize the Indian national Congress, which became known as the Congress party. It's members were mostly professionals and business leaders who believed in peaceful protest game their ads. They called for grade her democracy, which they felt would bring more power to Indians like themselves. The Indian national Congress look forward to eventual self-rule but supported Western-style modernization.

Causes of Discontent

In the late 1850s, East Indian company made several unpopular moves. First, it required support us, or Indian soldiers and it's service to serve anywhere, either in India or overseas. For high-cast Hindus, however overseas travel was an offense against the religion. Second, it passed a law that allowed into windows to remarry. And his food both moves as Christian conspiracy to undermine their beliefs. Then in 1857, the British issued new rifles to the supporters. Troops were told to bite off the tips of the carts just before loading them into the rivals the card she is however were graced with animal fat either from Cal's, which hinders considered sacred, or from pigs, which were for a bit and to Muslims. When the troops refused the order to load rifles they were sent home without pay.

Benefits of British rule

On the positive side, British rule brought peace in order to the countryside. The British Trevis the legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or cast. Railroads help Indians move around the country, while the telegraph and postal system improve communication. Greater contact helped bridge regional differences and opened the way for Indians to develop a sense of national unity. The upper classes, especially, benefited from some British policies. They send their sons to British schools, where they were trained for posts in the civil service and military. Andy and landowners and princes, who still ruled their own territories, Rich from exporting cash crops.

Setting the scene

Ranjit Singh ruled the large Siki empire in northwestern India during the early 1800s he had cordial dealings with the British but saw only too well where their ambitions were headed. One day he was looking at a map of India on which British held lands were shaded red. All will one day become red, he predicted. Not long after his death in 1839, the British Concord that she key empire. They added it's 100,000 mi.² to their steadily growing lands as he had forecasted India was falling under British rule.

Western Attitudes

The British disagreed among themselves about India. A few admired Indian theology and philosophy. As Western scholars translated in and classics, they acquired respect for Indian heritage. Western writers and philosophers borrowed ideas from Hinduism and Buddhism. However, most British people knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with content. In an essay on whether Indian should be taught English or their own languages, the English historian Thomas Macaulay Road that a single shelf of good European library is worth the whole made of literature of India and Arabia.

Population growth and famine

The British introduced medical improvement and farming methods. Better healthcare and increase food production lead to rapid population growth. The writing numbers, however, put a strain on the food supply, especially as farmland was turned into land for growing cash crops instead of food. In the late 1800s, terrible famines swept India

Exploiting Indian diversity

The British were able to conquer such a vast territory by exploiting the diversity of India. Even when Mungle power was at its height Indio is home to many people and cultures. As Mungle power crumbled, India fragmented. Indians with different traditions and dozens of different languages were not able to unite against newcomers. The British took advantage of Indian divisions by encouraging competition and disunity among rival princes. Where British diplomacy or intrigue did not work, their superior weapons overpowered local rulers.

British polices.

The East India Company's main goal in India was to make money, and leading officials got very rich. At the same time the company to work to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry. By the early 1800s, British officials introduce the western education and legal procedures. Missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity which they felt was far superior to Indian religions. The British also pressed for social change. They worked to end slavery and the cast system and to improve the position of woman with in the family. One law outlawed Sati, a Hindu custom practice mainly by the upper classes it called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire.