Chapter 12: Social Psychology Norton InQuizitive

door in the face example

an refused to buy a $20 package of wrapping paper from the student fund-raiser, but then agreed to buy a $5 bar of chocolate.

explicit attitude

attitude we are conscious of

implicit attitude

attitude we are unaware of

mere exposure effect

mere exposure effect -The more we see something, the more we like it.

prejudice

negative beliefs about people based on a stereotype

matching--informational influence

*Sally was a few minutes late to class, but when she got to the building where her class was held, she noticed all of the other students in her class leaving, so she turned around and left, too. *During lunchtime, Rolf noticed a long line of people at a food truck he had never seen before, and he joined the line.

What can we expect from a couple who have been married for two years?

*They will have sex about half as frequently as they did in their first year of marriage. *Their relationship is based on social support, friendship, and intimacy.

matching -- normative influence

*Though it would be easier to pick our noses, we use tissues instead. *Clarence noticed that everyone in India was eating with their hands, so he ate with his hands also.

In Milgram's laboratory study, professionals predicted that 1 in 1,000 people would follow the orders of an authority figure even when it appeared that following these orders would harm another person. What were the actual results?

*When the participants could see or had to touch the confederate, obedience decreased. *When the authority figure gave orders over the phone, participants were less obedient. *When the authority figure ordered the participants to administer extremely high-voltage shocks, nearly two-thirds of them followed his orders.

Match the terms about attribution with their corresponding examples: *fundamental attribution error *actor/observer bias *situational attributions

*actor---Wally believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish, but he would cut someone off if he was in a hurry. *fundamental---John believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish. *situation ---Jan cut a person off on the highway but told herself it was justified because she was late to work.

Which of the following factors can lead to aggression?

*feeling frustrated *being raised with a culture of honor *feeling hot or afraid *watching violent movies

Determine whether the following ways of thinking about an argument are typical of the central or the peripheral route of persuasion according to the elaboration likelihood model. peripheral

*forming attitudes quickly *forming attitudes that are weaker and more likely to change *acting impulsively *influenced by attractiveness or status of the person making the argument

Determine whether the following ways of thinking about an argument are typical of the central or the peripheral route of persuasion according to the elaboration likelihood model. central

*using rational cognitive processes *forming strong attitudes that persist over time *thinking carefully and deeply about an argument *considering all information relating to an argument

Psychologists Latané and Darley conducted a study in which foul-smelling smoke started coming through heating vents in a room where participants were filling out a questionnaire. Place the participants in order based on how likely they were to go for help within six minutes, from most to least likely.

1. alone 2. naive participants 3.calm confederate

expecting others to help

A blind woman needs help crossing a busy street in a crowded plaza, but the passers-by all think someone else will help her.

example- implicit attitude

A person does not recall seeing an advertisement for a certain brand of tea, but when shopping, she buys the tea.

example-- implicit attitude

A person does not recall seeing an advertisement for a certain brand of tea, but when shopping, she buys the tea.

example- cognitive dissonance

A person knows that soda is bad for her, so she makes up a reason to justify buying it.

foot in the door

A person signed a petition for her town to build a youth center. The next week, the same person agreed to help raise funds for the building.

postdecisional dissonance example

Adrienne decides to go on vacation to Cambodia rather than Thailand, and once she arrives in Cambodia she thinks about how much better it is than Thailand.

low-balling example

After a man decides to buy a plane ticket for $300, he finds that the final amount including taxes and fees is $365, but he still goes ahead with the purchase.

What are some of the results of the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype?

Attractive people are thought to be more intelligent. Attractive people are paid more for doing the same work. Attractive people are given lighter sentences for crimes. Attractive people are thought to be happier and more successful.

What did Sherif (1961) find in his study on competition and cooperation among boys at a summer camp?

Both groups set aside their animosity when they had to work together to achieve a goal. Engaging in athletic competitions against each other caused hostility and tension between groups.

What types of attitudes most strongly predict one's behavior?

CORRECT: personally relevant formed through direct experience easy to remember

A group of movie executives is trying to decide which movie to produce. Under what circumstances would they be likely, due to groupthink, to produce an action film that most of them think is terrible? .

Correct Answer(s) The company is under pressure from investors to produce a hit. They are hoping for a quick meeting without a lot of discussion

After a hurricane breaks all the windows in the stores on Commercial Street, under what circumstances is Mark likely to start looting local businesses due to deindividuation?

Correct Answer(s) The town is large and Mark doesn't know many people there. Mark is emotionally aroused by the devastation of the storm.

stereotype

mental shortcut for categorizing people

Social psychologists Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid some participants $20 and other participants $1 to lie and say that a boring task was not boring. What were the results of the study?

Correct Answer(s) Those paid $1 later said they found the task more enjoyable. Those paid $1 experienced cognitive dissonance. Those paid $20 later still said they found the task boring. Wrong Answer(s) Those paid $1 felt the payment was enough justification for lying. Those paid $20 experienced cognitive dissonance.

What are some of the ways that prejudice can be reduced?

Correct Answer(s) cooperating with outgroup members on shared goals learning in a jigsaw classroom

insufficient justification

Dana does a small favor for her neighbor, whom she doesn't know very well, and justifies it by telling herself that she likes her neighbor.

justification of effort

Efram decides to drive an hour away to go to a restaurant, and once he gets there he thinks the food is much better than at restaurants closer to home

group polarization

Group members believe something even more strongly after discussing it.

group think

Groups can make bad decisions based on pressure to maintain the group's cohesiveness

If an audience is _____, the most convincing argument is one that _________. If an audience is ______ or already agrees with the person delivering the message, the best argument is one that ______.

If an audience is skeptical, the most convincing argument is one that considers both sides of an issue. If an audience is gullible or already agrees with the person delivering the message, the best argument is one that is one-sided.

social loafing

Individual effort decreases as group size increases.

weighing the risks and benefits of helping

Misha decides not to intervene in a bar fight between two large men for fear of getting hurt.

example compliance

Myra agrees to pick her sister up at the airport.

Match the descriptions of relationships with whether they apply to passionate love or companionate love. Passionate Love = O Companionate Love = %

O - People feel an intense longing and sexual desire. O - Bob couldn't wait until the next time he could see Jeanne and kept daydreaming about kissing her. % - People feel a strong commitment to care for and support a partner. % - Wanda and Stuart enjoy taking long walks together and talking about their day.

social exposure

Our attitudes are influenced by our parents, peers, and societies. Correct label:

risky-shift effect

People in groups tend to make bolder decisions than people on their own.

fear of making a social blunder

Shelby sees a man lying on the sidewalk in a big city, but she doesn't help because she cannot determine whether the man is sleeping, drunk, or injured.

anonymity

Sitting in his car in traffic, Jasper sees two people fighting on a bridge, but no one can see him, so he does not feel the need to help.

What factors would make two people more likely to develop interpersonal attraction and friendship?

They are both kind and trustworthy. They have similar attitudes and backgrounds. They come into contact frequently. They look familiar to one another. They find each other physically attractive.

classical conditioning

We form positive attitudes about a neutral object if it is paired with something that we are attracted to.

operant conditioning

We form positive attitudes about neutral behaviors that we are rewarded for.

example conformity

When Sally sees all her friends dressed in jeans for the school dance, she goes home and changes into her jeans.

example obedience

When the policeman tells the high school students to get out of the bathroom, they immediately leave.

compliance

agreeing to do things requested by others

conformity

altering one's behaviors to match the behaviors or expectations of others

Based on the bystander apathy effect, in which of the following situations are people more likely to offer help?

correct: *One person approaches another and asks for a dollar to buy a bus ticket home. *A person on an isolated hiking trail falls and asks the next hiker who walks by to help him to his car. *There are only two people in a parking lot and one of them is having trouble starting his car.

Solomon Asch was a social psychologist who did early research on conformity. He hypothesized that participants would not conform to give obvious wrong answers on an easy visual comparison task. What were some of the results of his research (1955)?

correct: *Participants conformed and gave obvious wrong answers when there were five confederates. *The reason participants conformed was to fit in with the group. *When there was a dissenter, the participant did not conform to give an obvious wrong answer.

cognitive dissonance

disconnect between attitude and behavior

social norms

expected standards of conduct

personal attributions

explaining a person's actions based on his traits or personality

situational attributions

explaining a person's actions based on the context or external factors

fundamental attribution error

explaining a person's actions by his personality without considering the situation

Which of the following are aspects of happy romantic relationships?

expressing concern for each other while disagreeing attributing good outcomes to each other and bad outcomes to the situation overlooking bad behavior in one's partner

obedience

following the orders of a (Factors that influence people to follow the orders given by an authority.)

informational influence

going along with the crowd due to the belief that others have a good reason for their behavior

normative influence

going along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking silly

Which of the following facts about facial expressions are true?

true : Babies less than an hour old prefer to look at a human face rather than a picture of a blank head. The face communicates one's emotional state, interest, and trustworthiness. Westerners tend to view a person who looks them in the eyes as truthful and friendl false: Across cultures, looking people in the eye is considered a sign of trustworthiness.

discrimination

unfair treatment of a person as a result of prejudice

actor/observer bias

using personal attributions to explain someone else's actions, but using situational attributions to explain one's own actions

How does the just world hypothesis help us feel like the world is a saner, safer place?

•We may justify a rape by assuming the girl was "asking for it" by wearing sexy clothes. •We try to use attributions to help us predict future events. •When bad things happen, we make personal attributions to a victim rather than situational attributions.