Chapter 13 APUSH
What were main reasons that pushed Americans to fight for independence?
1. A new law increased the powers of the national government of Mexico at the expense of state governments, a measure that Texans from the U.S. assumed Santa Anna was aiming specifically at them. 2. Mexicans imprisoned Stephen Austin, accusing him of spurring revolts 3. Mexicans sent more troops to territory
Why did people become so interested in Oregon/westward migration?
1. Missionaries considered the territory an attractive target for evangelical efforts 2. Desire to counter Catholic missionaries from Canada 3. Hope for quick riches (especially in Gold Rush) 4. Take advantage of the vast public lands the Federal Government was selling at modest prices to acquire property for farming or speculation 5. Hope to establish themselves as merchants
Who seized power as a dictator in Mexico?
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Which European countries recognized and concluded trade treaties with Texas? And why?
England and France, the appeal of Texas dreaming to rival the United States by becoming a vast southwestern nation. European nations were eager to counter the growing power of America.
What was the independent nation of Texas proposed to be called?
Fredonia
After admitting Oregon and Texas to the United States, which other two territories did Polk wish to acquire from Mexico?
New Mexico and California
Who negotiated the treaty that ended the Mexican-American war?
Nicholas Trist
Why did the U.S. oppose annexation?
North was worried about acquiring a large new slave territory, other opposed increasing the southern votes in Congress and in the electoral college. Former president, Jackson, thought annexation might cause a dangerous sectional controversy and even a war with Mexico.
Who became the president of Texas?
Sam Houston
What was the Pro-Slavery Argument?
Slaves enjoyed better conditions than industrial workers in north. Slavery was the only way the two races could live together in peace. Southern economy, based on slavery, was key to the prosperity of the nation. Southerners argued that slavery was good because it served as the basis for the southern way of life. Also, social darwinism.
Why did some oppose Manifest Destiny?
Some prominent politicians, such as Henry Clay, believed that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery and threaten the stability of the Union.
Popular Sovereignty
States could apply for statehood and submit their own constitution and decide whether slavery was prohibited or not. Caused rising sectional tensions as New Mexico and California wanted to prohibit slavery, upsetting the South who was already a minority in the House and who would be a minority in the Senate with two new slave states. 1849- slave/free states were equal. Compromise was hard to come by.
Who established the first legal American settlement in Texas and when?
Stephen Austin, 1822
What early battles in the fight for the independence of Texas caused (what seemed like) an early end of rebellion?
The Alamo and Goliad
What was the Anti-Slavery Argument?
Threatened American democracy which was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement (Free-Soil Ideology) The south was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the South. Only solution of this "slave power conspiracy" was to fight the spread of slavery and extend nation's democratic, free-labor ideals.
Which treaty ended the Mexican-American war?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Who won the election of 1848?
Zachary Taylor
What caused friction between the Mexican Government and American settlers in Texas?
continuing ties of immigrants to the United States and desire to legalize slavery (Which Mexican Government made illegal in Texas)
Who were the candidates of the 1844 election?
James K. Polk- Democrat Henry Clay- Whig
Who is coined with the term Manifest Destiny?
John L. O'Sullivan
Who did Polk send to try to purchase the territories?
John Slidell
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Slave state Nebraska-Free state Popular sovereignty of states
What happened at Potawatomie Massacre?
Lead by John Brown, murdered five pro-slavery settlers, leaving their mutilated bodies to discourage other supports of slavery from entering Kansas.
Where did the Republican Party birth from?
Split up Democrat and Whig Party Anti-Nebraska Whig and Democrats
How long did it generally take people to travel the Oregon Trail?
5 or 6 months
Compromise of 1850
Admission of California as a free state Formation of territorial governments in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico, without restrictions on slavery Abolition of slave TRADE in DC, but not slavery itself A new, more effective fugitive slave law
Controversy of Manifest Destiny
Advocates disagreed about how far and by what means the nation should expand. Some had relatively limited territorial goals, while others envisioned a vast new "empire of liberty" that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands (and a few dreamed for much of the rest of the world). Some believed America should use force to achieve its expansionist goals, while others felt that the nation should expand peacefully or not at all.
Who is John O'Sullivan
American columnist and editor made famous for introducing the concept of "Manifest Destiny" in an article in 1845. O'Sullivan in supporting the annexation of Texas argued that the U.S. had a divine or ordained right and responsibility to develop the western frontier and to spread American ideals of democracy to the uncivilized or undeveloped regions of the continent and the world.
Why did the phrase "remember the Alamo" become Texan's rallying cry during the fight for their independence?
At the alamo mission in San Antonio in 1836, the anglos and Tejanos rebelled against the tightening control of General Antonio López. Greatly outnumbered, the Texans made an unsuccessful attempt at revolt. This embarrassing defeat became their rallying cry to spark a sort of nationalism and encourage soldiers to fight even harder to prove their worth.
Who won Lincoln-Douglas debates?
Douglas, but it allowed Lincoln to be noticed
What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to United States Mexico recognized Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas United States promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million
Where did the border of Texas lie according to Mexico? According to Texas?
Mexico- Neuces River Texas- Rio Grande
What was bleeding Kansas?
Northerners and Southerners flocked to Kansas to elect a majority to legislature, of course southerners won and legalized slavery. Free-staters elected their own delegates to a constitutional convention and adopted a constitution excluding slavery. Pierce denounced free-staters as traitors and sided with pro-slavery.
What happened at the Battle of San Jacinto?
Occurred April 23, 1836, Sam Houston led and kept small force together. He captured Santa Anna and took him prisoner. Santa Anna, under pressure, signed a treaty giving Texas independence.
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
Prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico
Who mostly took the trip westward?
Prosperous young people, established families, groups of laborers- men as farm/ranch hands, women as domestic servants, teachers, or prostitutes.
Why did people believe in Manifest Destiny?
Racial justification, unique creation of America, and the idea that it was not selfish, it was an altruistic attempt to extend American liberty to new realms.
What caused Polk's win?
Support for the re-occupation of Oregon and re-annexation of Texas
What is Manifest Destiny? (Definition)
The idea that America was destined- by God and by history- to expand its boundaries over a vast area, an area that included, but was not necessarily restricted to, the continent of North America.
Why was the Free-Soil Party created?
Unhappy with the candidates of 1848, created from the anti-slavery wings of the Whigs and Democrats. Endorsed Wilmot Proviso
Which countries had joint occupation in Oregon?
United states and Great Britain