chapter 13 nervous system brain and cranial nerves
Within the diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the ___ ventricle.
Within the diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the third ventricle.
a person with BLANK will display an inability to either recognize or understand the meanings of various stimuli
a person with agnosia will display an inability to either recognize or understand the meanings of various stimuli
which nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and pharynx muscles
accessory
what liquid material do all the ventricles contain
all of the ventricles contain a liquid material called cerebrospinal fluid
the type of tract that connects the primary motor cortex to the premotor area is a tract
association
because particular odors can provoke certain emotions and can be associated with certain memories, the BLANK area is considered part of the limbic system
because particular odors can provoke certain emotions and can be associated with certain memories, the olfactory area is considered part of the limbic system
when a person begins to walk, the neurons in the BLANK stimulate the appropriate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking
caudate nucleus
the BLANK are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral nuclei
within the white matter, the brain contains clusters of gray matter called BLANK
cerebral nuclei
what are the components of the diencephalon
components of the diencephalon include the -hypothalamus -epithalamus -thalamus
cranial nerve BLANK receives taste and touch sensations from the posterior tongue , innervates one pharynx muscle and the parotid salivary gland
cranial nerve IX receives taste and touch sensations from the posterior tongue , innervates one pharynx muscle and the parotid salivary gland
the meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in the specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called BLANK
dural venous sinuses
during the BLANK week of development, the five secondary brain vesicles form
during the fifth week of development, the five secondary brain vesicles form
extending into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli is the BLANK
extending into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli is the falx cerebelli
fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater project through the BLANK
fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater project through the dura mater
what are the functions of the CSF aka cerebrospinal fluid
functions of CSF include -environmental stability -protection -buoyancy
what matter houses cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
gray matter houses cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
which structure is essential for storing memories and forming long term memory
hippocampus is essential for storing memories and forming long term memory
what is the process by which short term memories are converted into long term memories called
memory encoding is the process by which short term memories are converted into long term memories
which memory lasts the shortest amount of time
memory which lasts the shortest amount of time is sensory memory
most of the motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain at a point called the BLANK of the pyramids
most of the motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain at a point called the decussation of the pyramids
what cranial nerve innervates the upper eyelid muscle and four of the six extrinsic eye muscles
oculomotor
an example of BLANK tracts are corticospinal tracts that carry motor signals from the cerebrum to the brainstem and spinal cord
projection
the CSF will eventually be filtered from the blood and secreted into the BLANK
the CSF will eventually be filtered from the blood and secreted into the urine
the amygdaloid body is involved in several aspects of BLANK
the amygdaloid body is involved in several aspects of emotions
the BLANK mater means "resembling a spider web"
the arachnoid mater means "resembling a spider web"
the area of the brain responsible for the motor movements associated with speech is BLANK area also called the motor speech area
the area of the brain responsible for the motor movements associated with speech is BROCA's area also called the motor speech area
what areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for the integration of new information with stored information
the areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for the integration of new information with stored information are the association areas
does the brain float or sink in the CSF
the brain floats in the CSF
what connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
the brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
the central white matter lies deep to cerebral cortex and is composed of BLANK
the central white matter lies deep to cerebral cortex and is composed of myelinated axons
the BLANK is responsible for maintaining the posture and equilibrium
the cerebellium is responsible for maintaining the posture and equilibrium
the BLANK is located within the longitudinal fissure superior to the corpus callosum
the cingulate gyrus is located within the longitudinal fissure superior to the corpus callosum
the controlled, precise movements a pianist makes are due to fine tuning by the BLANK
the controlled, precise movements a pianist makes are due to fine tuning by the cerebellum
the cranial nerve I aids in our sense of what
the cranial nerve I aids in our sense of smell
what cranial nerve innervates structures in the head, neck, and in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
the cranial nerve vagus innervates structures in the head, neck, and in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
what provides rigid support that protects the brain
the cranium provides rigid support that protects the brain
the dural venous sinuses are really just BLANK
the dural venous sinuses are really just veins
the habenular nuclei relay signals from the BLANK system
the habenular nuclei relay signals from the limbic system
the hands are represented by a much larger area on the motor homunculus than the trunk because BLANK
the hand muscles perform more detailed movements than the trunk
the more superficial layer of the dura mater, the BLANK layer, forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones
the more superficial layer of the dura mater, the periosteal layer, forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones
the motor homunculus is located on what
the motor homunculus is located on the precentral gyrus
the motor speech area is responsible for controlling movements necessary for what
the motor speech area is responsible for controlling movements necessary vocalization
the BLANK feet of astrocytes cover, wrap around and completely envelope capillaries in the brain
the perivascular feet of astrocytes cover, wrap around and completely envelope capillaries in the brain
the pia mater is made of BLANK that is highly vascularized and tightly adheres to the brain
the pia mater is made of areolar connective tissue that is highly vascularized and tightly adheres to the brain
the BLANK functions in controlling skeletal muscular movement at the subconscious level
the putamen functions in controlling skeletal muscular movement at the subconscious level
the BLANK formation processes visual, auditory and touch stimuli and send inputs to the cerebrum to maintain alertness of the organism
the reticular formation processes visual, auditory and touch stimuli and send inputs to the cerebrum to maintain alertness of the organism
the superior colliculi are known as the BLANK
the superior colliculi are known as the visual reflex centers
the BLANK contains the pigmented red nuclei and the reticular formation
the tegmentum contains the pigmented red nuclei and the reticular formation
the thalamus will process incoming information and project it to the BLANK
the thalamus will process incoming information and project it to the sensory cortices of the cerebrum
the thalamus will process incoming information and protect it to the _____________
the thalamus will process incoming information and protect it to the sensory cortices of the cerebrum
the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus are formed from the BLANK
the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus are formed from the diencephalon
the visual association area is located in the BLANK lobe
the visual association area is located in the occipital lobe
the BLANK matter of the spinal cord is superficial to the BLANK matter
the white matter of the spinal cord is superficial to the gray matter
true or false: the ventricles of the brain are continuous with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord
true , the ventricles of the brain are continuous with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord
which cranial nerves are found in the mesencephalon (midbrain)
- oculomotor (CN III) - trochlear (CN IV)
the substantia nigra houses clusters of neurons that do what
- that produce dopamine, -which affects brain processes that control movement -emotional response - the ability to experience pleasure and pain
what autonomic respiratory centers are housed within the pons
-Apneustic center -Pneumotaxic center
the medulla oblongata has which cranial nerves
-CN VIII, vestibulocochlear -CN XI, accessory -CN X, vagus -CN XII, hypoglossal -CN IX, glossopharyngeal
maturation of the CNS to allow for the development of higher brain functions include what
-CNS axons becoming myelinated -number of neuronal cells continues to increase in the first year of life, but not after that -neurons expanding in the number of their connections
which contribute to the formation of the blood brain barrier
-capillary endothelial cells -perivascular feet
the somatosensory cortex has a lot of its area devoted to the BLANK
-fingers -genitals -lips
which are parts of the limbic system?
-mammillary body -fornix -anterior thalamic nuclei
what are the functions of the insula?
-memory -taste
the prominent commissural tracts that link the cerebral hemispheres include what
-posterior commissure -anterior commissure -corpus callosum
which are functions of the hypothalamus
-regulation of body temperature -master control of the ANS -master control of the endocrine system
which are functions of hypothalamus
-regulation of circadian rhythms -control of emotional behavior -control of food and water intake
choose which are true regarding the formation of the CSF
-the choroid plexus contains capillaries within the pia mater -it is formed by the choroid plexus -the choroid plexus contains ependymal cells
choose the distinct locations in the CNS where the blood brain barrier is absent or barely there
-the hypothalamus -the pineal gland -choroid plexus
the tectum, also called the corpora quadrigemina, are relay stations for BLANK
-visual sensations -auditory sensations
place the events neurulation in order starting after the formation of the neural plate
1.Formation of neural groove 2.Formation of neural folds 3.Fusion of neural folds 4.Formation of neural tube
which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle that moves the eye inferiorly and laterally
CN IV, trochlear
which cranial nerve receives sensory impulses from the face and innervates muscle of mastication?
CN V, trigeminal
which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle that abducts the eye?
CN VI
which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production and most salivary glands?
CN VII, facial
which cranial nerve would produce swallowing and speech difficulties due to impaired tongue movement if it were injured
CN XII, hypoglossal
the BLANK acts as a "movement buffer" to slow the movements of the brain when we move suddenly and forcefully
CSF
BLANK bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system
what acts as cushioning fluid that floats the brain
CSF acts as cushioning fluid that floats the brain
CSF from the choroid plexus eventually leaves the ventricles and enters the BLANK space
CSF from the choroid plexus eventually leaves the ventricles and enters the subarachnoid space
CSF is formed by the BLANK in each ventricle
CSF is formed by the choroid plexus in each ventricle
what protects nervous tissue from chemical fluctuations that would disrupt neuron function
CSF protects nervous tissue from chemical fluctuations that would disrupt neuron function
Cognition is the collective term for what mental processes _.
Cognition is the collective term for many mental processes including _. -memory -perception -awareness -thinking
Match the cerebellar peduncle with its description
Connects cerebellum and medulla: Inferior cerebellar peduncles Connects cerebellum and midbrain: superior cerebellar peduncles Connects cerebellum and pons: middle cerebellar peduncles
match the roman numeral with its name
I : Olfactory II: Optic III: oculomotor IV: trochlear V: trigeminal VI: abducens
REM sleep stands for what?
REM stands for rapid eye movement
The Wernicke area is involved in what?
The Wernicke area is involved in -understanding spoken words -recognizing written words
where is the primary auditory cortex area is located
The primary auditory cortex area is located in the temporal lobe
The ___ refers to paired oval masses that lie on each side of the third ventricle between the anterior commissure and the pineal gland.
The thalamus refers to paired oval masses that lie on each side of the third ventricle between the anterior commissure and the pineal gland.
what are the four major parts of the adult brain
-cerebrum -diencephalon -the brainstem -cerebellum
what are some functions of the premotor cortex
-coordinating skilled activities -moving the eyes while reading a book or playing the piano -coordination learned activities
the blood brain barrier keeps the neurons in the brain from being exposed to BLANK
-drugs -waste products in the blood -variations in the levels of ions
the limbic system is responsible for what functions
-emotion -emotional memory -motivation
which cranial nerves have significant motor and sensory function
-glossopharyngeal -trigeminal -vagus -facial
what substances can pass through the blood-brain barrier
-nicotine -alcohol -some anesthetics
from deep to superficial, the cranial meninges are the BLANK mater, BLANK mater, and BLANK mater
-pia mater, -arachnoid mater -dura mater
which are the functional centers associated with the medulla oblongata
-respiratory center -cardiac center
the parietal lobe of the cerebrum is involved with which major functions?
-sensory function -evaluating shape of objects -recognizing the texture of objects
the somatosensory association area is responsible for interpreting sensations to determine BLANK
-shape of objects -pressure -temperature -texture
Neurons in the somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from what?
-touch -pain -temperature
The pons houses which cranial nerves?
-trigeminal nerve (CN V) -abducens nerve (CN VI) -facial nerve (CN VII) -vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
the frontal lobe is primarily concerned with BLANK
-voluntary motor functions -verbal communication -decision making -planning and personality
CSF circulates in the ventricles and the BLANK space
CSF circulates in the ventricles and the sub arachnoid space
What is CSF similar to?
CSF if similar to plasma
Immediately lateral to each pyramid is a bulge called the ____, which contains a large fold of gray matter called the inferior olivary nucleus.
Immediately lateral to each pyramid is a bulge called the olive, which contains a large fold of gray matter called the inferior olivary nucleus.
when you get a song "stuck in your head" it is the BLANK that is responsible
auditory association area
between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater is the BLANK space
between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater is the subdural space
what are the white matter tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum is the white matter tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres
cranial nerve BLANK conducts equilibrium and auditory sensations to the brain
cranial nerve Vestibulocochlear conducts equilibrium and auditory sensations to the brain
cranial nerves are numbered with BLANK and are sometimes preceded by the prefix CN
cranial nerves are numbered with roman numerals and are sometimes preceded by the prefix CN
cranial nerves are part of the BLANK nervous system
cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system
damage to the BLANK or to the amygdaloid body can lead to alterations in emotional responses
damage to the hippocampus or to the amygdaloid body can lead to alterations in emotional responses
electroencephalograms are used to investigate what
electroencephalograms are used to investigate: -brain lesions -seizures -sleep disorders
encoding requires the proper functioning of two components of the limbic system; the _________ ______ and the ___________
encoding requires the proper functioning of two components of the limbic system: - the amygdaloid body and -the hippocampus
which system projects vertically through the midbrain, pons and medulla in a loosely organized mass of gray matter
reticular formation projects vertically through the midbrain, pons and medulla in a loosely organized mass of gray matter
rostral is synonymous with BLANK, meaning "toward the nose"
rostral is synonymous with anterior, meaning "toward the nose"
what forms a dural "tent" over the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli forms a dural "tent" over the cerebellum
what is responsible for filtering out the sounds and sights in a busy coffee shop when you are trying to study
thalamus
what does the brainstem contain
the brainstem contains -nuclei of many cranial nerves -reflex centers for survival -autonomic centers
what area of the brain is responsible for the motor movements associated with speech
the broca's area also called the motor speech area
the BLANK ensures that skeletal muscles carry out smooth, coordinated movements
the cerebellum ensures that skeletal muscles carry out smooth, coordinated movements
the cerebellum is responsible for which functions?
the cerebellum is responsible for coordination of skeletal muscle movement
the BLANK connects the third and fourth ventricles and is found in the mesencephalon
the cerebral aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles and is found in the mesencephalon
the cerebral hemisphere that controls language in most people is the right or the left hemisphere?
the cerebral hemisphere that controls language in most people is the left hemisphere
the cerebrum is composed of two halves called the left and right cerebral
the cerebrum is composed of two halves called the left and right cerebral hemispheres
where is the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions?
the cerebrum is the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions.
what does the dura mater's name translate to
the dura maters name translates to "tough mother"
the BLANK partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle
the epithalamus partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle
the falx cerebri is a fold of BLANK
the falx cerebri is a fold of dura mater
what are the folds of the cerebellar cortex called
the folds of the cerebellar cortex are called folia
the higher order brain functions include BLANK
the higher order brain functions include -reasoning -learning -memory
the BLANK are at work when you hear the loud "BANG" of a car back-firing and you turn suddenly toward the noise
the inferior colliculi are at work when you hear the loud "BANG" of a car back-firing and you turn suddenly toward the noise
what extends inferiorly from the hypothalamus to attach to the pituitary gland
the infundibulum extends inferiorly from the hypothalamus to attach to the pituitary gland
which functional brain system is considered to be the "emotional" brain?
the limbic is the functional brain system that is considered to be the "emotional" brain
the medulla oblongata is continuous with the BLANK inferiorly
the medulla oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly
the neural plate is induced by the notochord to form a BLANK
the neural plate is induced by the notochord to form a neural tube
the neurons from the left primary motor cortex control the skeletal muscles on which side of the body
the neurons from the left primary motor cortex control the skeletal muscles on the right side of the body
the occipital lobe is responsible for which of the following actions?
the occipital lobe is responsible for -visual memories -vision
the outer surface of the cerebrum has a number of folds, each one is called a BLANK
the outer surface of the cerebrum has a number of folds, each one is called a gyrus
which gland helps regulate our circadian rhythms, our day-night cycles
the pineal gland helps regulate our circadian rhythms, our day-night cycles
the BLANK is a bulging region on the anterior side of the brainstem
the pons is a bulging region on the anterior side of the brainstem
the primary gustatory cortex is involved in the processing of what
the primary gustatory cortex is involved in the processing of taste information
what does the primary olfactory cortex provide conscious awareness of
the primary olfactory cortex provides conscious awareness of smells
where is the primary visual area located
the primary visual area is located in the occipital lobe
the temporal lobe is responsible for what functions
the temporal lobe is responsible for -smell and -hearing
the two lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane partition called BLANK
the two lateral ventricles are separated by a thin membrane partition called septum pellucidum
is the wernicke area located in the right or left hemisphere
the wernicke area is located in the left hemisphere
the white matter of the cerebellum is called the ________ _________ which means the tree of life
the white matter of the cerebellum is called the arbor vitae , which means the tree of life
cranial nerve II has which function
vision