Chapter 13 OCE1001

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________.

Producers

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as:

largest catch that can be taken without overfishing.

When compared to the open ocean, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in coastal regions.

less;greater

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers?

1

Which of the following are first-level consumers?

-Herbivores -zooplankton

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true?

-Fishing- 90% -In U.S. waters, 80% -Based on current practices-2048

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?

-orca whales -humans

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. -In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. -In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients.

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately:

1%

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________.

100 meters

When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P).

106:16:01

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity?

99.90%

Sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

Active predation

Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following except ________.

Alaska Wild Salmon

Which marine ecosystem has average net primary productivity comparable to a tropical rainforest?

Algae beds and coral reefs

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply.

All but, Carbon dioxide and Calcium

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis? (choose all that apply)

All but, Fish Heterotrophs

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity?

Freshwater swamp and marsh

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:

B and C are correct

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?

Bacteria

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division:

Chrysophyta

Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is:

Cyclical

Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for their own energy requirements are called ________.

Decomposers

Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

Deposit

In the ongoing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in the ocean, all components are recycled except _________.

Energy

Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

Filter

Clams are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

Filter

What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters?

Low nutrient concentrations

Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?

Mississippi River

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply.

NOT: -Polar -In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round.

Which marine ecosystem has the lowest average net primary productivity?

Open Ocean

The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called?

Photosynthesis

Which of the following is in trophic level 1?

Phytoplankton

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

Primary Productivity

Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division:

Pyrrophyta

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management?

Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division:

Rhodophyta

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

Productivity is limited by ________ in polar regions and by ________ in the low-latitude tropics.

available sunlight; nutrient supply

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.

both available sunlight and nutrient supply

Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure _____.

color

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean.

deeper;lower

The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the1960s into the twenty-first century.

doubled

What is kinetic energy?

energy of movement

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to:

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________.

oxygen

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:

temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.

Energy flow in an ecosystem is:

unidirectional.

A fact regarding photosynthesis is that _________.

water and carbon dioxide are converted to oxygen gas and sugar

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.

western;toward

When does eutrophication occur?

when there are excess nutrients in the water

Where are dead zones more likely to develop?

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean