Chapter 13 Oceanography

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers?

1

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

autotrophs primary producers phytoplankton

In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________

available sunlight only

Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in a(n) __________.

excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs

What is bycatch?

fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch

Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets?

flounder, shrimp, cod

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity?

freshwater swamp and marsh

Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive?

freshwater swamps and marshes

What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity?

grams of carbon per square meter per year

Which of the following are primary carnivores?

herring sardines

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms.

heterotrophic

Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America?

on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive?

open ocean

Which organisms contain chlorophyll?

phytoplankton and diatoms

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

primary productivity

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply.

-Phosphates -Iron -Nitrates -Silica

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately:

1%

How many tuna does it take to make one shark?

10 times the mass of the shark

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around:

10%

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________.

100 meters

How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year?

145 billion pounds

Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainabilit

25

If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the seafloor sediments each year?

3 grams

Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide.

500

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity?

99.90%

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Autotrophic

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:

B and C are correct (carbon dioxide and nitrogen)

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Biogeochemical cycle

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Black and White 1 micron picture

Coccolithophore

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?

Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Ripstick looking thing

Diatom

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? Black and white

Dinoflagellate

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?

Humans Orca Whales

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply.

In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply.

In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.

In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.

nutrient supply only

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply.

In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients.

Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity?

It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.

What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters?

Low nutrient concentrations

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms? yellow bending Leaf looking thing with pentax circle

Macrocystis

Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?

Mississippi River

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management?

Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?

Sponge weed

The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that:

There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.

Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive?

They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents?

This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.

Energy flow in an ecosystem is:

Unidirectional

Is overfishing really a problem?

Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

Primary producers are also known as which of the following?

autotrophs

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring.

available sunlight; nutrient supply

How might the development of dead zones be controlled?

by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands with enhanced sewage treatment by planting trees and grasses through preservation of wetlands

Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? Choose all that apply.

coastal upwelling coral reefs equatorial upwelling

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply.

coccolithophores diatoms dinoflagellates

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean.

deeper; lower

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are:

diatoms

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _________.

dinoflagellates

Which of the following are primary producers?

dinoflagellates diatoms coccolithophores

Which of the following commonly become bycatch?

dolphins, turtles, and birds sharks

What is kinetic energy?

energy of movement

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________.

most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to:

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.

The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________.

noncyclic and unidirectional

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________.

oxygen

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen and sugar

Which of the following is in trophic level 1?

photoplyankton

The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called

photosynthesis.

Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the LOWEST trophic level in a marine food web?

photosynthetic bacteria

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________.

producers

Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch

purse seine nets

The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _________.

red

How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean?

satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.

western; toward

When does eutrophication occur?

when there are excess nutrients in the water

When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore

Where are dead zones more likely to develop?

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

Which of the following are first-level consumers? Choose all that apply.

zooplankton herbivores