Chapter 13 Protestant Reformation
What did Zwingli believe about the Eucharist?
Communion is only symbolic
Only Christian kingdom that opposed Charles V
France
anglican founder
Henry VIII
Papal tax collection
People's money in taxes was going to build structures in Rome that they would never see
Goals of the Council of Trent
Reforming the church, securing reconciliation with the Protestants
Pope Leo X
Started a special sale of indulgences to fund the building of St. Peter's in Rome. John Tetzel sold indulgences for money
anabaptist bible role
bible read by individual and helps towards salvation, ministers help explain scripture
Pilgrimage of Grace attested to
popular opposition in northern England to Henry VIII's reformation
founders of calvinism
zwingli, calvin
France support the Protestant princes of Germany in order to
Prevent Charles V from increasing his power
anabaptist protest
Reformation more concerned with moral regeneration church community than with individual
Protestants beliefs
Salvation through faith alone, saved by God not a priest, authority in bible alone, scripture basis for baptism and Eucharist (communion) church is spiritual priesthood of all believers, Rome is no more spiritual than home
Pluralism/absinteism of clergy
Same person held more than one post and did not live where the post was held. Would send a lower level priest to do their job. Clergy not doing their job upset people
What did anticlericalism focus on primarily in the early 16th century?
The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected rule of celibacy
Fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft
They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance
Protestant view of marriage
This was a sacrament that was God's remedy for the unavoidable sin of lust, provided a site for the pious rearing of the next generation of God fearing Christians, offered husbands and wives companionship and consolation. A proper marriage reflected both spiritual equality of men and women and proper social hierarchy of husbandly authority and wifely obedience. Marriage was a contract in which each partner promised the other support, companionship, sharing of mutual goods
Treaty that ended Hundred Years' War
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
What new religious order for women emerged in the 16th century?
Ursuline Order
Martin Luther personal life
Was a lawyer then was Augustinian friar, got doctorate in theology. Was a tortured soul - didn't think it made sense one could behave badly and still be forgiven. He was nervous he would be banished to Hell
How were members of the clergy immoral?
Would go to prostitutes, had mistresses, gamble, drunks
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany a. appealed to the national sentiment of German princes b. were met with dismay by the ruling elite c. led to administrative reform in the empire d. found an audience only among the peasantry.
a. appealed to the national sentiment of german princes
bible role anglican
bible read by individual and helps towards salvation, content of bible determined by church hierarchy, book of common prayer
Lutheranism bible role
bible read by individual and helps towards salvation, ministers help explain scripture
calvinism bible role
bible read by individualism and helps towards salvation, ministers help explain scripture.
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would
detract from the sovereignty of God
salvation anabaptist
faith
salvation calvinism
faith - justification is God's endorsement of your morals. Good works are a precondition of justification, predestination - God determines your salvation
lutheranism salvation
faith alone. because of faith you do good work
salvation anglicans
faith although some believe faith and good works
church governance calcinism
minstiers, most governed church by ministers and group of elders called presbyterianism, married priests, ministers provided moral guidance, rejected most sacraments except baptism which minister could oversee
church governance anglicanism
monarch is supreme not pope, kept hierarchy of bishops, priests, laity, married priests, only clergy may administer sacraments
anabaptist founders
no official founder but inspired by Zwingli and Erasmus
Luther viewed celibacy as
opposed to human nature and God's commandments
anglican protest
political protest instead of religiou
church governance lutheranism
priests can marry, rejected hierarchy but kept bishops, ministers and clergy of all believers, ministers oversee sacraments
reasons for German peasant revolt
radical reformer call for social and religious change resonated with these people, economic condition generally worse, crop failures aggravated the situation, nobles made things worse by seizing village common lands, by imposing new rents and requiring additional services
calvinism protest
reformation concerned more with moral regeneration than with indivudal
church governance anabaptists
rejected most forms of church government in favor of congregational democracy with ministers chosen by community, married priests, ministers provide moral guidance, rejected most sacraments except baptism which minister could oversee
Luther believed that the church consisted of
A spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers
Protestant view on divorce
Allowed divorce if both parties in jeopardy or if surrounding community in jeopardy
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged? A. Luther did not need political support and, therefore, was able to develop his ideas without political interference. B. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works. C. Luther led a unified reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms, D. Luther's status as a nobleman brought him respect and legitimacy that he could use to defend his ideas
B. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his wokrs
Protestant reformation effect on women through new marriage emphasis
Because protestants shut down nunneries, the only occupation for upperclass Protestant women was to get married
Consubstantiation
Bread and wine coexists w the blood and body of Christ and does not lose earthly properties. Luther believed this
Transubstantiation
Bread and wine literally becomes body and blood of Christ. Luther did not believe this
What was the churches reaction to the 95 thesis?
Church condemned Luther and told Jim to recant or be excommunicated
How were members of the clergy ignorant?
Clergy did not understand latin
Changes in views of clergy in 95 thesis
Clergy does not need to be celibate
Major criticisms of church
Clergy ignorance, immorality, plualism/absintism, papal tax collection, veneration of saints and sacraments was incorrect, indulgences, church property, secular and religious leaders at odds
Colloquy of Marbury
Did not come to agreement, particularly on Eucharist
Ninety Five Thesis
Got printed in German and Latin - spread to others. Said if church did not reform, secular leaders would. It departed from Christian Humanists
Edict of Nantes
Granted French Huguenots right to worship in 150 towns
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended conflict known as the
Hundred Years War
Lutheranism Protest
Indulgence sales
Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes towards secular rulers
Lutheran taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly
What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France?
Politiques