chapter 13 psych

_______ _______ - the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use information

social cognition

________ ________ - the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

social comparison

________ _____ -imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas

social contagion

________ _____ ______ - based on the notion of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits

social exchange theory

________ _____ - occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others

social facilitation

______ ______ - refers to the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership

social identity

______ ____ _____ - developed by Tajfel; stats that our social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves

social identity theory

_______ ______ - refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort

social loafing

______ ________ - the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

social psychology

________ - a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another

stereotype

__________ _____ - an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

stereotype threat

_______ social comparisons - when we compare ourselves to those who are better off than we are - can foster feelings of envy and inadequacy

upward

_____ _____ - the tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression

weapons effect

______ instructed the confederates to give incorrect responses; conformity

Asch

_______ was a social psychologist interested in how susceptible people can be to following orders

Milgram

________ or ________ love - is the type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person

affectionate or companionate

_____ refers to social behavior with objective of harming someone, either physically or verbally

aggression

________ - means giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

altruism

________ - our opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas - how we feel about the world

attitudes

___________ theory - views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their efforts to make sense of the behavior; varies along 3 dimensions: internal/external causes, stable/unstable causes, controllable/uncontrollable causes

attribution

_________ ______ - the tendency for an individual to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present

bystander effect

__________ route - works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument

central

_______ ______ theory - an individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts

cognitive dissonance

_______ - a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

conformity

__________ - occurs when bring part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility

deindividuation

___________ - an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because that person belongs to that group

discrimination

_________ social comparisons - comparing ourselves with others who are less fortunate - can make us feel better about our own lives

downward

_______ ________- means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work we put into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain

effort justification

__________ likelihood model - identifies two pathways of persuasion: a central route and a peripheral route

elaboration

_______ - a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another

empathy

___________ - the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups

ethnocentrism

_______ ______ effect - means overestimating the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do

false consensus

______ - the blocking of an individual's attempts to reach a goal; John Dollard thinks it triggers aggression

frustration

___________ _________ ______ - refers to the tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors when they explain an actors behavior

fundamental attribution error

_____ _____ ______ - the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction

group polarization effect

________ - refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

groupthink

__________ ________ _______ - refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right

informational social influence

___________ ______ - examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

investment model

_____ ______ effect - the phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something (a person, a word, an image), the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before

mere exposure effect

_______ - a behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

obedience

________ route - involves factors such as the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal

peripheral

________ _______ - refers to the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

person perception

_______ _______- favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality

positive illusions

_______ - an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group

prejudice

____ _____ - the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members

risky shift

_______ or ______ love - love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship

romantic or passionate

_____-______ prophecy - social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true

self-fulfilling

_______-______ - refers to the tendency to see oneself as an object in others' eyes

self-objectification

_______-______ theory - individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behavior

self-perception

______-_________ ____ - refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures when we make attributions about our own behavior

self-serving bias