Chapter 14 AP

Hypothalamus

Maintains body tempature

Lipids

Most of what we eat from this group is classified as neutral fats (triglycerides).. Cholesterol, in the group, is used to make steroid hormones and cell membranes

Starch

Substrate for amylase

What must occur before a fatty acid can be metabolized by cellular respiration

The fatty acid must be broken down into two-carbon molecules, acetic acid.

How foods fuels cellular respiration

1. Food provides fuel and building blocks 2. Food is broken down and transported to cells via cardio system. 3. Fuel is broken down into glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle). 4. ATP is produced with help of electron transport chain.

Vitamins and Minerals

A balanced diet is needed to get all of these nutrients, used mostly as coenzymes. This group includes inoraganic nutrients found in legumes, milk, and some meats.

Gallbladder

Accessory organ of digestive system

Carbohydrates

Animal sources including lactose and glycogen in meat. Momosaccharides are sugars and polysaccharides including starch. This group includes the preferred fuel source for all cells of the body.

HDL

Carries excess cholesterol from body cells to liver

Secretin

Causes liver to produce more bile and stimulates pancreatic secretion.

Cholecystokin

Causes the gall bladder to contract and stimulate pancreatic secretions.

Proteins

Eggs, milk, meat, and fish provide a complete source of this nutrient. Molecules in this group are composed of amino acids

Amino acid

End product of protein digestion

Energy balance

Energy intake increases when more food is consumed. Energy balance occurs when energy intake equals energy output.

Lysozyme

Found in saliva

Glucose

Fuel preferred by most body cells to produce ATP

Gastric inhibitory peptidee

Hormone secreted by duodenum inhibits secretion of gastric juices and stimulates release of insulin

Function of saliva

Inhibits bacterial growth in oral cavity.

Liver

Produces bile

Thyroxine

Responsible for determining basal metabolic rate

Gastrin

Secreted by cells within the stomach, stimulates stomach activity

Trypsin

Secreted by pancreas

Where is most food digested

Small intestine

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder

Liver

Stores and manufactures most body's glycogen as a ready source of glucose

Ileocecal valve

Struct controls movement of chyme from the small intestine to large intestine

Lack of Bile Causes what symptoms

URQ pain, fatty deposits around eyes, greasy diarrhea, and excessive menstrual bleeding.

Gluconeogenesis

When blood sugars are low, the liver can make sugar from amino acids and fats.

heat exhaustion symptoms

body temperature increases, blood pressure drops, and sweating.

Disaccharides

broken down by brush border enzymes

Cystic fibrosis

inborn error of metabolism affects pancreatic secretion of digestive fluids.