chapter 14 psych

Obedience?

Agreeing to an explicit demand made by an authority figure

What are overt attitudes?

consciouslly expressed and aware of having

Compliance?

- Going along with the stated request by someone who is not in a position of authority To create it you can either use direct appeals or indirect methods indirect methods are foot in door and door in face

What are social scripts and how might the scripts provided by the media influence sexual and/or aggressive behavior? P. 582

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What do laboratory experiments indicate regarding the effects of exposure to pornography? P. 582-583

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What happened in the Festinger & Carlsmith study?

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What was the main conclusion of Milgram's studies?

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Situational/external attributions?

OR we can attribute the behavior to the situation

What are stereotypes?

Beliefs about a group False assumptions that all members the same- typically negative

What is conformity?

Change belief or behavior to match group due to unspoken group pressure

What is discrimination?

Differential treatment of people due to group membership Behvaioral component of prejudice- involves TREATING someone differently

What is prejudice?

Evaluations/judgments based on group membership Unjustified negatuve or even positive evaluations of an individual based only on group memebership Tends to affect how we interpert the behvaior of other people Unconscious and automatic influence Legitmaizes inequalities by suggesting that some people are less worthy and capable of others Overt or implicit- overt=consciouslly expressed and aware of having, implicit= uncousnious attitdes

What is social psychology?

How we think about, influence, and relate to one another

What are some factors involved in helping?

If need for help clear If people know each other If person judged to be deserving If person seems similar to us If we are not in a hurry If we are in a good mood Feel-good, do-good Population density Costs and benefits

How does prejudice maintain inequality?

Justify and maintain inequalities by suggesting that certain people are less worthy and capable than others

The door-in-the-face technique?

Large request then smaller request Large unreasonable request that is likely to be denied, then you follow it up with a smaller more reasonable (in comparison) request

Do those who enjoy privilege in a society tend to be aware of their privilege?

Privileged fail to notice their privilege

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Refers to the tendency for individuals who agree to a small request will be more likely to agree to a larger related request made afterwards Researchers went around knocking on doors and they asked if people could put a small sign on their lawn. Some people said yes some people said no Then they went around to the same houses and asked if they could put a large ugly sign on their lawn, the people that agreed to the small sign agreed to the big sign as well Small request then larger request Used on POWs Often used with sales people- would u like to save money? Yes, ok join our thing? yes

What do measures of implicit attitudes reveal?

Reveals how closely connected particular concepts are in our minds by how quickly we can associate words and/or pictures

What is the actor-observer bias?

Tendency to make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors and situational attributions for our own (bad) behaviors The actor-observer bias explains the commonly seen errors that one makes when forming attributions about behavior (Jones & Nisbett, 1971). When a person judges their own behavior, and they are the actor, they are more likely to attribute their actions to the particular situation than to a generalization about their personality. Yet when a person is attributing the behavior of another person, thus acting as the observer; they are more likely to attribute this behavior to the person's overall disposition than as a result of situational factors. This frequent error shows the bias that people hold in their evaluations of behavior (Miller & Norman, 1975). People are more likely to see their own behavior as affected by the situation they are in, or the sequence of occurrences that have happened to them throughout their day. But, they see other people's actions as solely a product of their overall personality, and they do not afford them the chance to explain their behavior as exclusively a result of a situational effect.

What does the GRIT strategy entail? P. 601

a strategy designed to decrease inter nation tensions. one side first announces its recognition of mutual interests and its intent to reduce tensions. it then initiates one or more small, conciliatory acts, without weakening ones reliatory capability, this modest beginning opens the door for reciprocity by the other party.

How does love tend to change over the course of time (in terms of passionate and companionate love)?

eventually passionate love fades and it turns into campanionate love or it just fades forever

What are attitudes?

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people or events

What happened in the Asch conformity experiments?

he sits people down, asks them which of the three lines is the standard line. it was extremely obvious which one it was but they had actors and some of the actors all said a different line, and even though the answer was obvious, the subjects chose the wrong answer because the other people chose that. PEOPLE WANTING TO CONFORM

What are some of the roots of prejudice as discussed in class? (illusory correlations, confirmation bias, ingroup favoritism, learning, scapegoating, social inequalities, just-world phenomenon, hindsight bias, blaming the victim, lack of awareness)

illusory correlations: Behavior of one person associated with whole group Confirmation bias: notice and remember examples that confirm our beliefs Scapegoating: Blame others when things go wrong Hindsight bias:Outcomes seem obvious after the fact, Blaming the victim, Date experiment Just-world phenomenon Belief that people get what they deserve,Blaming the victim, Shock experiment ingroup: Us- people who share a common identity

Under what conditions is groupthink most likely to occur? How can it be prevented? P. 570-571

it is prevented when a leader welcomes various opinions, invites experts critiques of developing plans and assigns people to identify possible problems. it is most likely to occur Isolation Illusion of invulnerability, superiority Suppression of dissenting views Leader favors particular position

What are social norms?

learned rules of a culture that tell you what to do and what not to do. They are unspoken and understood automatically EXAMPLES: holding the door open for someone

What happened in the Zimbardo prison study (aka Stanford prison experiment)?

male college students volunteered to spend time in a simulated prison. zimbardo randomly assigned some of them to be guards. he gave them uniforms, clubs and whistles and inspected them to enforce certain rules. others become prisoners, locked in sells and forced to wear humiliating outfits. for a day or two the volunteers self consciously played their roles. then the simulation became real...tooo real. most guards developed diparaging attitudes and some devised cruel degrading routines. one by one the prisoners broke down, rebelled or became passively resigned. six days after zimbardo called off the study.

What happened in Milgram's obedience studies?

milgram had people chose out of a hat to be the teacher or learner. learners went into a room to be strapped into a chair, teachers were in another room with a switch. whenever learners would get a question wrong teachers were instructed to shock them, each wrong answer increasing in voltage. when the teacher would want to stop, they were forced to continue. mil gram wanted to see if the teachers could be pressured into keep shocking the learner.

What are mirror-image perceptions? P. 598

mutual views often held by conflicting people. as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

How does the case of Kitty Genovese relate to the bystander effect?

no one would help her

How do attitudes relate to actions?

not only will people stand up for what they believe, they also will believe more strongly for what they stood up for. attitudes follow behavior. Also, attitudes are feelings influenced by our beliefs. if we BELIEVE someone is threatening us, we may feel fear and anger toward the person and ACT defensively.

What is deindividuation? P. 568

often occurs when group participation makes people both aroused and anonymous. losing of self-awareness in groups the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

What are attributions? Dispositional/internal attributions?

people's explanations for why events or actions occur you can attribute behavior to dispositional/internal: the persons stable, long lasting traits

What is the main lesson of this study?

role playing can really stain tortures. people gradually become the role they are playing, for real. some people have succumbed to the situation and others have not. person and situation interact. rotten situations turn some people into bad apples while others resist.

What is cognitive dissonance?

tension when attitudes and actions don't match

What is group polarization? P. 569-570

the enhancement of groups prevailing inclinations through discussing within the group A phenomenon wherein the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs. Example: After a discussion about racism, members of the group who are racist will defend their attitudes far more strongly than they would have beforehand.

What is groupthink?

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.....Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and coherance over accurate analysis and critical evaluation. It causes individual members of the group to unquestioningly follow the word of the leader and it strongly discourages any disagreement with the concensus.

What is the mere-exposure effect?

the phenomenon that repeated expire to novel stimuli increases liking of them

What were the results of Milgram's study?

the teachers in the predictions said they would 100% stop as soon as they heard the learner in pain, but that did not happen. most of them went to the very last shock.

What is the bystander effect?

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

What is the fundamental attribution error?

the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition Tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when judging the behavior of others

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

the theory that we act to reduce the comfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. for example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

What is the chameleon effect? p. 560

they had students work in a room alongside another person, who was actually a confederate working for the experimenters. sometimes the confederate rubbed their own face. sometimes they shook their foot. sure enough, the students tended to rub their face when with the face rubbing person and shake their foot when with the foot shaking person.

implicit attitudes?

uncousnious attitudes

What is diffusion of responsibility?

when someone needs help but there are a lot of people around it is a diffusion of responsibility because they feel like they don't have to do anything about it because someone else will do it