Chapter 14 questions
" In a tournament held by Robert Axelrod which aimed to find the best strategy in an iterative prisoner's dilemma game, the computer program which ended up winning was Anatol Rapoport's Tit-for-Tat (TFT). According to Axelrod, it was effective in eliciting cooperation because it was:"
"nice, not exploitable, forgiving, and transparent."
What is stereotype threat?
A threat that test-takers experience when they are reminded of the stereotypical belief that the group to which they belong is not expected to do well on the test.
_____ is the phenomenon that a person in a group will have more extreme view to be better liked by the group.
Group polarization
"_____ allows the group to enter a shared mood of playfulness, which can reduce the chance that one person will be offended by the remarks of another."
Laughter
"Ethics was of a great concern to the people who critiqued the _____ experiments, because they thought psychological harm may have been done to the participants."
Milgram
Which psychologist studied the principles of social influence?
Robert Cialdini
_____ conducted his classic experiments to demonstrate the limits of conformity.
Soloman Asch
Which of the following is a true statement regarding stereotype threats?
Stereotype threats produce their effects by increasing anxiety.
"When a group is evenly split on an issue, the majority of people leave the discussion with:"
a more moderate view on the issue than they had when the discussion began.
"Jim joins the debate team his freshman year of high school. He has never been on a debate team before and thinks it would be a good way to get over his social phobias. However, when the first debate comes up, even though Jim has prepared for it, the pressure to do well his first time causes his performance to worsen. This phenomenon is known as:"
choking under pressure.
"For the greatest degree of obedience, the experimenter must be _____ and the learner must be _____." Correct!
close; distant
"To study conformity, Solomon Asch used one participant at a time with a group of _____ situated around a table."
confederates
"If you are using the Tit-for-Tat strategy in the prisoner's dilemma, what is the second thing you should do in the game?"
do whatever the other person did on the previous trial
Retailers often tell their employees to smile at and be friendly toward customers because research has shown that the emotional state of the customer is directly related to the emotions displayed by the employee via:
emotional contagion.
"According to Irving Janis, the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba happened largely because policy makers succumbed to a psychological phenomenon known as:"
groupthink.
"If a customer agrees to buy a product at a low price, then after a delay, the salesperson discovers that they must raise the price of the product, they are using the:"
low-ball technique.
The most common social-dilemma games used by researchers are two-person games called:
prisoner's dilemma games.
Stereotype threat can involve instances when the person believes that the stereotype about themselves is true and also that they will do badly. This phenomenon is known as:
self-fulfilling prophecy.
"In Stanley Milgram s experiment, participants were asked to:"
shock another participant for wrong answers.
Prisoner's dilemma games are an example of which of the following?
social dilemmas
"Suzy is performing her dance recital in front of a packed auditorium. Since Suzy has practiced her routine constantly for six months in preparation, it is likely that she will experience:"
social facilitation.
"In Milgram s study, which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the participants obeying?"
the attractiveness of the experimenter and the unattractiveness of the learner
Which of the following must happen or be present for the foot-in-the-door technique to work?
the customer must have agreed to small request first
Fritz wants to know all the different reasons people follow orders to do unethical acts. He looks into Milgram s obedience studies and finds a number of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons Fritz reads about?
the ease of use of the shock device
"Annie, a salesperson, goes door-to-door selling vacuum-cleaners and as a gift, offers a free bottle of furniture polish to potential customers. After receiving the gift, she finds that many potential customers decide to buy the product. What norm is Annie taking advantage of in hopes of making a sale?"
the reciprocity norm
"A recent public service announcement has pointed out that drinking and driving is an extremely common and dangerous problem in a certain area. According to Robert Cialdini, saying that drinking and driving is common may:"
undermine this public service announcement s intended message.
"Using the terminology of modern cognitive psychology, the term choking is especially likely to occur:"
with tasks that make strong demands on working memory.