Chapter 14 Quiz Questions

Which statement best describes the local mechanical effect that occurs from myofascial rolling?

Compression to the local myofascia "relaxes" the tissues by increasing local blood flow and reducing myofascial restrictions and adhesions.

What is the minimum duration for which a static stretch should be held?

30 seconds

Davis's law describes what type of changes within the cumulative injury cycle?

adhesions may begin to form structural changes in the soft tissue

What key term would best describe an overactive hip flexor complex decreasing neural drive to the hip extensor complex?

altered reciprocal inhibition

What term is used to describe when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist?

altered reciprocal inhibition

Your client Ethan presents with an overactive/shortened quadriceps group, which is causing the hamstrings to be underactive/lengthened. What is this phenomenon called?

altered reciprocal inhibition

What term is used to describe prolonged Golgi tendon organ stimulation that provides an inhibitory action to muscle spindles located within the same muscle?

autogenic inhibition

What are two contraindications for self-myofascial techniques?

cancer and bleeding disorders

Mobility is a combination of which two musculoskeletal components?

flexibility and joint range of motion

What is a safe flexibility modification that you can recommend to a client who has varicose veins?

gentle static stretching

Which lower-body stretch is considered controversial and may be a risk for injury?

inverted hurdler's stretch for hamstrings

What are two medical precautions for self-myofascial techniques?

joint hypermobility and scoliosis

What term is used to describe the ability to move freely, often described as flexibility + joint range of motion?

mobility

Flexibility training can reduce the risk of what three conditions?

muscle imbalances, joint dysfunctions, and overuse injuries

Which physiological systems comprise the human movement system (HMS)?

muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems

What principle describes the nervous system's ability to recruit the correct muscles to perform movement?

neuromuscular efficiency

Which upper-body yoga stretch is considered controversial and may be a risk for injury?

plow pose

What is an example of a mechanism that can lead to muscle imbalance?

postural distortions

What are two signs of a muscle being overstretched?

prolonged joint or muscle pain lasting more than 24 hours and swelling in the muscle

Active and dynamic stretching utilize which physiological action?

reciprocal inhibition

What is the goal of dynamic stretching?

to prepare the body for more intense activity

What term refers to the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist)?

synergistic dominance

With regard to the cumulative injury cycle, current theory supports the idea that repetitive movements, such as long periods of poor posture, are believed to lead to which of the following?

tissue trauma and inflammation

TRUE OR FALSE? The mechanical effect of direct roller compression is the relaxation of the local myofascia by increasing local blood flow and reducing myofascial restriction and adhesions.

true

What are the recommended training variables for static stretching?

1 to 3 sets, hold each stretch for 30 seconds

What should precede dynamic stretching if an individual possesses muscle imbalances?

self-myofascial techniques and static stretching

What are the two primary actions of the Golgi tendon organ?

sense change in muscle-tendon tension and speed of tension change

What are the two primary actions of the muscle spindle?

sense the change in muscle length and the speed of length change

The lengthening reaction is often seen with what type of flexibility technique?

static stretching

If a muscle is stretched too quickly, the muscle responds with an immediate contraction to stop the stretch. What is this specific action called?

stretch reflex

What term would be used to describe a neuromuscular phenomenon that occuse when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover?

synergistic dominance

Which muscle would you be targeting for SMR if you placed the roller along the front and slightly lateral (outside) part of the upper thigh (just below the pelvis)?

tensor fascia latae

Susan's quadriceps have been identified as overactive. What type of flexibility training should be used first to help improve this muscle imbalance?

SMR and static stretching of the quadriceps

Which statement best describes the neurophysiological effect that occurs from myofascial rolling?

The direct roller compression may create tissue relaxation and pain reduction in tissues by stimulating nerve receptors.

What term is used to describe the ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body's structure in all planes of motion?

neuromuscular efficiency

Which type of nerve receptor senses pain?

nociceptor

What concern should you have when prescribing flexibility exercises to a client with osteoporosis?

osteoporosis is considered a contraindication to myofascial rolling

What is it called when an individual performs the same task repeatedly over time, which can lead to movement dysfunction?

pattern overload

What is the mechanism of action for active stretching?

reciprocal inhibition

When performing a dumbbell biceps curl, the biceps brachii is considered the agonist (prime mover), and the triceps become the inhibited antagonist. What is this phenomenon called?

reciprocal inhibition

What term is used to describe the process in which the body seeks the path of least resistance during functional movements?

relative flexibility

Which portion of a client's exercise program should be designed first?

the flexibility portion

Why is the arching quadriceps stretch considered a controversial lower-body stretch?

the stretch provides excessive stress on the kneecap and other tissues in the front knee

Why is the hurdler's stretch considered to be a controversial lower-body stretch?

the stretch provides excessive stress to the inside of the knee

What are the recommended training variables for self-myofascial rolling?

1 to 3 sets, hold each tender area for 30 seconds

Which answer best represents the timeframe when delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs after strenuous exercise?

24-72 hours after strenuous exercise

Flexibility is defined as the following:

Normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allows for complete range of motion

What is the term used to describe a type of stretching that uses agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion?

active stretching

What term is used for a condition that would make it unsafe for the client to participate in any type of flexibility exercise?

contraindication

What is the term used to describe the pain or discomfort that is often felt 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise or unaccustomed physical activity?

delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

What term is used to describe the ability to be elongated or stretched?

extensibility

What term is used to describe the normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint?

flexibility

Researchers have found that myofascial rolling can decrease the effects of what condition after strenuous exercise?

DOMS

Which of the following states that soft tissue models along the line of stress?

David's law

TRUE OR FALSE? Static stretching, when performed for 30 seconds or less prior to every workout and followed by dynamic activities, impairs athletic performance.

False

What are the steps in the cumulative injury cycle?

Tissue trauma, inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, muscle imbalance