chapter 14 sb

The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that can be used in ___ different pathways to destroy bacteria and viruses.

3

The complement system consists of over ________ blood proteins.

30

How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina?

Action of normal microbiota

Which of the following are sites of major aggregations of lymph nodes?

Armpit Groin Neck

______ cells are white blood cells that give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

B

Which sign of inflammation is caused by increased blood flow to the area?

Calor (warmth)

The membrane attack complex forms in which complement pathway(s)?

Classical, lectin, and alternative

A(n) --- is a chemical substance produced by white blood cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

Cytokines

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of fever in the host?

Decreased metabolism

______ are a line of phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that are named for their long, thin cell processes.

Dendritic cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

Filter for lymph

Select the nonspecific host defenses.

First line Second line

Which of the following are benefits of fever?

Inhibited growth of temperature sensitive microbes Stimulation of hematopoiesis Increased levels of phagocytosis Increased host metabolism Stimulation of host immune reactions

What is the purpose of vasodilation?

It Increases blood flow to the injured area

Which of the following is NOT a main function of inflammation?

Lead to allergic response

--- more commonly called white blood cells, are primary infection-fighting blood cells.

Leukocytes

Which of the following hydrolyzes peptidoglycan?

Lysozyme

the enzyme --- hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria.

Lysozyme

Which of the following terms is used to describe the lymphoid tissue associated with mucosal surfaces in the body?

MALT

Which cell type is the only one large enough to clear the pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and damaged tissue at the site of inflammatory reactions?

Macrophages

Which is NOT a main responsibility of the immune system?

Maintenance of normal flora

Which is engulfed by phagocytes?

Microbes, dust, and dead cells

Select which cells play a role in long-lived inflammatory reactions.

Monocytes Lymphocytes Macrophages

--- -associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, is lymphoid tissue associated with mucus-producing tissue surfaces.

Mucosa

Which blood cells are elevated in number during bacterial infections?

Neutrophils

Which cells are the first phagocytes to act in inflammation?

Neutrophils

Which white blood cells are the primary components of pus?

Neutrophils

Which type(s) of cells normally trigger an immune response?

Non-self

Which of the following are bacterial PAMPs?

Peptidoglycan Lipopolysaccharide

Which cell types possess pattern recognition receptors on their surfaces for binding of PAMPs?

Phagocyte Lymphocytes Endothelial cells Dendritic cells

Which are main responsibilities of the immune system?

Recognition of antigens Surveillance for foreign material Destruction of pathogens

Which of the following are main functions of the inflammatory response?

Repair of damaged tissues. Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma. Destroy microbes and block their further invasion.

Ciliated epithelium and nasal hair are first-line defense adaptations that guard which body tract?

Respiratory

Which sign of inflammation is caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissues?

Rubor (redness)

Inflammation and phagocytosis are nonspecific functions that are a part of which line of immune defense?

Second

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?

Stomach

Which is a function of white blood cells?

Surveillance for pathogens

Which organ originates in the embryo as two lobes in the pharyngeal region, and plays a major role in T-cell maturation?

Thymus

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs?

Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen

True or false: Phagocytes engulf and destroy antigens such as microbes, dust and dead cells.

True Reason: Phagocytes engulf anything that is recognized as non-self.

is a term for the widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area.

Vasodilation

Which of the following components of the blood carries out surveillance for pathogens?

White blood cells

The vagina has a protective --- pH that is maintained by the activity of normal microbiota.

acidic

Nonspecific host defenses include all of the following except ______.

antibody production

Fill in the blank question. A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies is known as a(n) ---lymphocyte.

b

True or false: Macrophages develop from activated neutrophils.

false

True or false: The spleen filters lymph but not blood.

false Reason: The spleen filters blood but not lymph.

A type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules is called a(n) ________..

granulocyte

A(n) --- is any type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules.

granulocyte

The primary infection-fighting blood cells are called _____.

leukocytes

Activities in which two of the following body compartments must be communicated to the other for effective immune function?

lymphatic system extracellular fluid-filled spaces

--- is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.

lysozyme

What is the name for a protein and/or sugar molecule that can be found on a cell's surface that can be recognized as either self or non-self by cells of the immune system?

marker

--- is a protein and/or sugar molecule on the surface of a cell that allows the immune system to identify whether or not that cell poses a threat.

marker/antigen

Macrophages develop from

monocytes

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

Which two of the following body compartments must be in communication for effective immune function?

mononuclear phagocyte system the blood stream

are the primary WBC components of pus.

neutrophils

The 3 main types of phagocytes are

neutrophils monocytes macrophages

Inflammation is a --- second line defense mechanism that acts rapidly at the local and systemic levels against any pathogen.

nonspecific

Markers found on the surfaces of many different kinds of disease-causing microbes are called --- -associated --- patterns (PAMPs).

pathogen molecular

Markers that many different types of disease-causing microbes have in common are called ______.

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

--- --- receptors, or PRRs, are molecules found on many host cells that recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

pattern recognition

During phagocytosis, a(n) --- forms from the union of a phagosome with a lysosome.

phagolysosome

______ forms from the union of a phagosome with a lysosome.

phagolysosome

Sites where immune cells are produced and mature are considered to be --- lymphatic organs, whereas locations where immune cells become activated, reside or carry out their functions are called --- lymphatic organs.

primary secondary

Ciliated epithelium and nasal hair are first-line defense adaptations that guard the --- tract.

respiratory

Host cell molecules that can limit the ability of viruses to replicate by preventing viral component production, assembly or release are called .

restriction factors

is used to describe the redness at the site of inflammation that is caused by increased circulation and vasodilation.

rubor

The hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme is found in which of the following?

saliva tears

In which type of lymphatic organs do mature immune cells become activated, reside or carry out their functions?

secondary lymphatic organs

White blood cells have been trained to recognize body cells, called ---, and distinguish them from foreign material that is called ---

self nonself

Lymph moves only through the contraction of ________ muscles.

skeletal

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of --- muscles around lymphatic ducts.

skeletal

Two organs, the --- and the ---, can be surgically removed in adults with little consequence, but result in severe immunodeficiencies for children if they are removed.

spleen thymus

Which of the following do NOT activate the classical complement pathway?

sugars

The flushing action of --- glands helps remove microbes from the skin.

sweat

The flushing action of the ________ helps remove microbes from the skin.

sweat glands

The --- is the site of T-cell maturation and shrinks in size with age.

thymus

True or false: A chemical substance produced by white blood cells that regulates cell development, inflammation, and immunity is called a cytokine.

true

True or false: Inborn physical barriers or chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

true

True or false: Major lymph nodes are found in the armpit, groin, and neck.

true

True or false: Neutrophils are the first phagocytes to act in inflammation.

true

True or false: The first and second lines of host defense are nonspecific protections.

true

True or false: Interferon is host-specific but not virus-specific.

true Reason: Interferon can work against many types of viruses.

True or false: Plasma contains clotting factors while serum does not.

true Reason: Serum is the clear fluid from clotted blood, therefore it does not contain clotting factors.

True or false: The membrane attack complex forms with all three types of complement activation.

true Reason: The end result of complement activation is membrane attack, regardless of initiation.

The Latin term --- represents a sign of inflammation that is caused by increased fluid in inflamed tissues.

tumor

The flow of --- flushes the urethra.

urine

--- --- is a liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma.

whole blood

The liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called ________.

whole blood

The synthesis of interferon against one type of virus ____ protect against other types of viruses.

will

The process by which a change in gene expression causes immature cells to express different cell surface markers and respond to new signals is called ---

differentiation

Which process causes cells to become more specialized over time, through changes in gene expression?

differentiation

Which sign of inflammation is caused by stimulation of nerve endings?

dolor

Which of the following is not a PAMP found on bacterial cells?

chitin

Antigen-antibody complexes activate the --- complement pathway.

classical

system is a second-line host defense consisting of over 30 blood proteins.

complement

the --- system is a cascade of serum proteins that can form a membrane attack complex.

complement

A(n) --- cell is a large, antigen-processing cell characterized by long, thin cell processes.

dendritic