Chapter 14.1-.4 BIO 151

In a DNA double helix, two hydrogen bonds form between?

Adenine and thymine

Genes, which contain trait specifying information, are located on...

Chromosomes

E. coli polymerases I, II, and III have 3' to 5' ____ activity, which provides them with a proofreading function, i.e they can remove a mispaired base.

Exonuclease

Which DNA polymerase removes and replaces RNA primer segments in the synthesis of the lagging strand because it have 5' to 3' exonuclease activity?

I

The enzyme DNA ____ synthesizes the RNA primers required by DNA polymerase during replication

Primase

In the replisome, the ___ is composed of primase, helicase, and accessory proteins that prime the lagging strand

Primosome

The primary purpose of the Meselson and Stahl experiments was to determine

how DNA replicates

Select all the following that are components of a nucleotide.

Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar

During DNA replication, the ___ strand is synthesized continuously while the ___ strand is synthesized as small fragments that are connected to each other to form a continuous strand.

Leading Lagging

As the lagging strand is being synthesized, adjacent Okazaki fragments are joined by the enzyme DNA ____.

Ligase

DNA primase

Makes a primer about 10-20 nucleotides in length. Makes a primer of RNA complementary to the DNA

Which of these is not required for DNA replication?

NADPH

In DNA, consecutive nucleotides are linked via _____ bonds, which are made between the 5' phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3' ____ group of another nucleotide.

Phosphodiester Hydroxyl or OH

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the

Phosphodiester backbone

The purpose of the Hershey Chase experiments was to determine whether a bacteriophage injected ____ or ___ into bacteria.

Protein DNA

Which model for DNA replication suggests that both strands of the double helix remain intact and the new DNA double helix consists of two new DNA strands?

The conservative model

Guanine forms ___ hydrogen bonds with cytosine.

three

Of the following list, which 3 items are required for DNA replication?

Template Nucleotides Polymerase

List the three phases of DNA replication:

Termination Initiation Elongation

Griffith's experiments were important because they showed...

That the genetic material could be passed from one cell to another.

The DNA backbone is composed of ...

sugar and phosphate groups

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine in the double DNA helix?

2

How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine in the DNA double helix?

3

A segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATGCCC-3'. The complementary sequence would be?

5'-GGGCAT-3'

In order to determine the density of DNA strands, Meselson and Stahl used the technique so that DNA fragments would migrate to the area in the gradient where they had the same density.

A cesium chloride gradient

Features of the Watson and Crick model include...

A sugar phosphate backbone a double stranded structure A helical structure

The DNA structure proposed by Watson and Crick involves

A sugar phosphate backbone two grooves (major and minor) A helical structure

indicate the 4 nitrogenous bases used in DNA.

Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine

Viruses that effect bacteria are known as...

Bacteriophages

Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous _____.

Base

The interaction of two strands of DNA vis hydrogen bonds is the...

Double helix

The level of DNA structure that resembles a spiral staircase is the

Double helix

An ____ cuts DNA internally and an ____ cuts at the ends of DNA.

Endonuclease Exonuclease

The model organism used by Meselson and Stahl was

Escherichia coli

Which of these is not one of the three phases of DNA replication

Extension

Meselson and Stahl used two isotopes of ____ in their DNA replication experiments so that the daughter strands could be distinguished from the parental strands.

Nitrogen

Adjacent nucleotides in the same DNA strand are held together by covalent bonds known as ____ bonds.

Phosphodiester

Which enzymes did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty use in order to identify the genetic material?

Protein digesting enzymes DNA digesting enzymes RNA digesting enzymes

The result of the Hershey and Chase experiments suggested that DNA was the genetic material because

Radioactive bacteriophage DNA was found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

A ____ _____ is the partial opening of a DNA helix to form two single strands.

Replication fork

The partial opening of a DNA helix to form two single strands is called

Replication fork

The DNA controlled by an origin is called ___.

Replicon

When the double stranded DNA helix is unwound, two single strand of DNA are formed. These strands have to be stabilized because their hydrophobic bases are exposed to water. The proteins that stabilize the two single strands are called...

Single-strand binding proteins

Consider a double stranded molecule of DNA. In complementary base pairing, A pairs with ____ and C pairs with _____.

T or thymine G or Guanine

The enzyme ____ used ATP to unwind the DNA template.

Helicase or DNA helicase

Match the following strands with the type of synthesis. 1. Leading strand 2. Lagging strand

1. Synthesize continuously 2. Synthesized in small fragments that are later connected

Place the steps of lagging strands synthesized in the correct order (start at the top)

1. Synthesize primers using primase. 2. Synthesize DNA. 3. Replace RNA primers with DNA. 4. Seal nicks in the DNA.

Match these enzyme involved in DNA replication with their functions. 1. Helicase 2. Gyrase 3. Primase 4. Polymerase

1.unwinds the double helix 2. relieves coiling in DNA strands ahead of the replication fork 3.makes a 10-12 by complementary primer to the DNA 4.attaches a nucleotide to the 3' end of the DNA strand

The enzyme that relives DNA supercooling ahead of the replication fork is

DNA gyrase

Which enzyme covalently links nucleotides together?

DNA polymerase

In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which has a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed the substance's ability to transform bacterial cells?

DNA-digesting enzymes

A heavy isotope of nitrogen was used in the Meselson-Stahl experiment so that

Different DNA molecules could be separated via ultracentrifugation

Franklin used x-ray ___ to suggest that DNA has a helical structure.

Diffraction or crystallography

Different models for DNA replication include:

Dispersive replication Conservative replication Semi conservative replication

The experiments with radioactive labeled phage that showed the DNA was the genetic material were performed by:

Hershey and Chase

The sliding clamp of a DNA polymerase

Holds the polymerase to the DNA template

Regarding Meselson and Stahl's experiment, the primary difference between the proposed models of DNA replication was related to

How the parental strands were incorporated into the daughter strands

The primary reason the bacteriophage was an ideal model system for the Hershey Chase experiments was...

It is made of only proteins and DNA.

The enzymes in the replisome are active on

The leading and the lagging strands

Which subunit of DNA polymerase III forms the sliding clamp?

The β subunit

Chargaff's experiment showed that the amount of adenine in a sample was always the same as the amount of...

Thymine

Chargaff's rule indicates that the amount of A in a sample is equal to to the amount of ____ and the amount of C in a sample is equal to the amount of ____

Thymine Guanine

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated...

Transformation of bacteria

Which of these are used in RNA?

Uracil Adenine Guanine Cytosine

A phage is a type of ___ that infects ____ cells.

Virus Bacterial

Franklin determined that the structure of DNA was helical based on...

X-ray diffraction analysis

Bacterial DNA is typically replicated as

a single replicon

In which of the following chromosomal entities are an individual's traits specified?

genes

During semiconservative DNA replication

one of the strands in each new double helix comes from the original molecule, and one is newly synthesized

The enzyme DNA ________ covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands together during DNA replication

polymerase

Choose all characteristics of the transforming substance isolated by Avery, Macleod, and McCarty.

protein-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability The elemental composition of the substance was very similar to that of DNA. DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed its transforming ability. RNA-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability.

DNA replication that leads to the procuring of double hélices with one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand is consistent with

semiconservative replication