Chapter 15-16

collectivistic; individualistic

It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in _____ cultures than in _____ cultures.

expectancy

Life _____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

osteoporosis.

Maria is 75 years old. She is experiencing severe loss of bone tissue. Maria is most likely to be diagnosed with

5 to 10

On average, the adult brain loses _____ percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.

their ability to cope effectively with stress.

One factor that has contributed to the survival of centenarians is

working memory.

Perceptual speed shows considerable decline in late adulthood and is strongly linked to declines in

ageism.

Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as

reminiscence

Ramya is an 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia. She attends therapy sessions in which the clinician uses photographs and video recordings to encourage discussions about Ramya's past activities and experiences. The therapy sessions help reduce Ramya's depressive symptoms and improve her self-acceptance. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the clinician uses _____ therapy.

frontal and parietal lobes

Recent research indicates that the greater distractibility of older adults is associated with less effective functioning in neural networks running through the _____ of the brain, which is/are involved in cognitive control.

acetylcholine

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

"use it or lose it"

The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.

cognitive decline in older adults.

The decline in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and depth perception has recently been associated with

selection

The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

optimization (2)

According to Baltes and other researchers, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?

semantic (2)

A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.

video games

A recent meta-analysis concluded that _____ have small training effects on improving older adults' memory but no positive outcomes for other cognitive functions.

physical independence.

A recent study of older adult women (Spence, Jacobs, & Bifulco, 2020) found that avoidant attachment was linked to higher levels of

sustained

A recent study of older adults found that the greater the variability in their _____ attention, the more likely they were to experience falls.

Aaron is experiencing shrinkage of neurons.

Aaron is a healthy, 65-year-old man. Compared with his 24-year-old son Harry, Aaron has much less brain volume. Which of the following is most likely the reason for this difference?

compensation (2)

According to Baltes and other researchers, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.

being bedridden because of an illness

According to Baltes and other researchers, in which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?

wisdom

According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages, which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?

integrity versus despair

According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.

Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective selection strategy?

low socioeconomic status

According to a study by Domenech-Abella and others, which of the following is linked to increased risk of earlier death in older adults?

adult children

According to a study by Huo and others, _____ are likely to provide support if their parents have a disability.

growth of dendrites increased.

According to a study that compared the brains of adults at various ages, from the forties through the seventies, the

older adults

According to aging expert Laura Carstensen, who among the following tend to experience less intense positive emotions with new friends and equal levels of positive emotions with established friends?

telomeres

According to cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell can no longer reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced.

589,000

According to current projections, what is the expected number of U.S. centenarians by the year 2060?

reproductive fitness

According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.

knowledge-related.

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goals: emotional and

minimizes emotional risks

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction _____ as individuals get older.

adolescence and early adulthood.

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in

It declines during middle and late adulthood.

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals?

75 to 80 times.

According to the cellular clock theory of aging, cells can divide a maximum of

It is high during infancy.

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the emotion trajectory?

reminiscence bump.

Adults remembering more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades is called the

the convoy model

Alice, Jane, Lois, and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have supported each other and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent?

life expectancy

Allen can be described as an average American. He is currently 65 years old. He is likely to live 18.4 more years. Hence, it can be said that Allen has a _____ of 83.4 years.

semantic; episodic

Although Alicia has a great memory for trivia, she has difficulty remembering important events in her life. Alicia has good _____ memory but poor _____ memory.

selective

An example of _____ attention is the ability to focus on one voice among many in a crowded room or a noisy restaurant.

120 to 125

Based on the ways cells divide, Hayflick places the upper limit of the human life-span potential at about _____ years of age.

reminiscence (2)

Clayton is a psychologist who runs a counseling center for older adults. In his center, the clients meet every week and form groups in which each individual narrates his or her past activities and events. Clayton encourages the members of the groups to share old photographs related to their life events and tell anecdotes about their experiences. This scenario illustrates the use of _____ therapy.

glaucoma.

Cynthia is 91 years old. Doctors have found that Cynthia's optic nerves have been damaged because of accumulation of fluid in the eye. Cynthia is worried that she will lose her vision, but the doctor has told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops. The disease that has marred Cynthia's vision is

Parkinson disease. (2)

Defects in mitochondria are linked with

late adulthood

During which stage in life are married individuals likely to find themselves having to care for a sick partner with a limiting health condition?

despair

Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation in early adulthood and stagnation in middle adulthood are more likely to experience _____ in late adulthood.

declarative

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.

meaningful

For many individuals, it is not just the sheer attainment of goals but rather the attainment of _____ goals that makes life satisfying.

semantic

Frank, aged 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's _____ memory.

cataracts

Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.

semantic (3)

Helen's knowledge of calculus and statistics is part of her _____ memory.

low conscientiousness and extraversion, and high neuroticism

Identify the personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality that are associated with more difficulty with the cognitive control processes needed to engage in goal-directed behavior.

racism and ageism

Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.

olfactory bulb

Identify the region of the human brain in which neurogenesis has been documented in adults.

17.4 percent

In 2013, 20 percent of older Latino adults lived in poverty in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, what was the rate of poverty among Latino older adults in 2016?

Monaco

In 2015, which of the following countries had the highest estimated life expectancy at birth?

patient's feelings of control and self-determination.

In a classic study, Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer found that an important factor related to health—and even survival—in a nursing home is the

a later cognitive decline.

In older adults, a higher level of social support is related to

compensation

In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist, the late Arthur Rubinstein during his old age used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments in a piece of music, thus creating a perception of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

In most cases, older adults cohabit for companionship than for love.

In the context of cohabitation among older adults, which of the following statements is true?

Poverty is linked to higher rates of physical and mental health problems.

In the context of economic security, which of the following statements is true of older adults?

It is set in motion by looking forward to death.

In the context of socioemotional development in late adulthood, which of the following is true of life review?

Older adults focus less on negative events in their past than younger adults do.

In the context of socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following statements is true according to studies on the emotional life of older adults?

When older adults engage in complex working tasks and challenging daily work activities, their cognitive functioning shows less age-related decline.

In the context of work and aging, which of the following statements is true of older adults?

40

In the respiratory system, lung capacity drops _____ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.

It was found to increase longevity.

In the study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer (1977), which of the following was found to be the result of older adults having perceived control over their own lives?

73

In the year 2000, 14 percent of U.S. adults over the age of 65 used the Internet. What was the percentage of older adults using the Internet in 2019?

centenarian.

Nathan just celebrated his 100th birthday. Nathan is a(n)

spend most of her time with familiar friends.

Now that Benita is in late adulthood, socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will

negative affect; positive affect

Older adults characterized by _____ do not live as long as those who display _____.

ageism. (2)

Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of

episodic (2)

Remembering where a person went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.

injecting it with telomerase.

Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by

ambivalence.

Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by

both Ruth and Gerald will get shorter.

Ruth and Gerald are a married couple. Both are in their late sixties. It is likely that as they get older,

selection (2)

Selective optimization with compensation theory proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains?

selection, optimization, and compensation.

Selective optimization with compensation theory states that successful aging is related to three main factors:

Parkinson disease.

Severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been linked with

conscientiousness

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?

stem cell regeneration

Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the _____ process, providing a possible avenue to restraining cancer and delaying aging.

gender

The 50 oldest living individuals in the world today have which of the following in common?

OCEAN.

The Big Five factors of personality can best be remembered by combining their first letters to form the word

olfactory bulb (2)

The _____ is involved in smell.

prefrontal cortex

The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

extraversion

The activity dimension of _____ is better than other dimensions in predicting longevity (Chapman & others, 2020).

episodic

The retention of information about the details of life's happenings is called _____ memory.

selective attention

The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

depth perception.

The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes. One of these changes that can make steps or street curbs difficult to manage is a decline in

is independent of an individual's personal identity with the past.

Travis, who is 25 years old, knows that Beijing is the capital of China, but he cannot remember when or where he learned this. This is an example of how semantic memory

the Affordable Care Act

Until _____, the United States was the only developed country that did not have a national health care system.

socioemotional selectivity theory.

Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of

optimization

When he was interviewed at 80 years of age, the pianist Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life. This helped maintain his status as an admired concert performer. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

Latinos live 3.3 years longer than non-Latino Whites despite having lower educational attainment and income levels.

Which of the following best explains the concept of the "Latino Health Paradox"?

free-radical theory

Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?

Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.

Which of the following could be the probable reason older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults?

Older individuals control key family/community resources.

Which of the following factors is most likely to predict high status for older adults in a culture?

integrity versus despair (2)

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

mitochondrial theory

Which of the following is a biological theory explaining aging?

Only a small percentage of centenarians have had significant changes in their thinking skills.

Which of the following is a characteristic of centenarians in the New England Centenarian Study (NECS)?

glaucoma (2)

Which of the following is a major disease that can impair the vision of older adults?

lower numbers of synapses

Which of the following is a primary reason for the lowered brain volume of older adults compared with that of younger adults?

increased distractibility

Which of the following is a probable reason for the decline in working memory in older adults?

avoiding smoking

Which of the following is a way of preventing osteoporosis in middle-aged women?

John summarizes the plot of a novel that he has just read to his friend.

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?

improved life satisfaction

Which of the following is likely to be an outcome of reminiscence therapy?

Positive emotions early in adulthood were linked to longevity.

Which of the following is one of the findings from the Nun Study?

the belief that old people are or should be asexual

Which of the following is one of the only two obstacles to lifelong sexuality?

life review

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

hippocampus (2)

Which of the following is the region of the adult human brain where neurogenesis has been documented?

It states that adults who cannot carry on their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood should find substitute roles that keep them engaged.

Which of the following is true of activity theory?

A common perception is that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves.

Which of the following is true of altruism and volunteering in adults?

The most frequent pain complaints of older adults are back pain, peripheral neuropathic pain, and chronic joint pain.

Which of the following is true of changes in touch and pain sensitivity in older adults?

Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage among older adults.

Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults?

It involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and to exercise self-control.

Which of the following is true of executive function?

It involves skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

It states that older adults can continue to lead satisfying lives, although in a more restricted manner.

Which of the following is true of selective optimization with compensation theory?

It challenges the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation.

Which of the following is true of socioemotional selectivity theory?

More direct stimulation is usually needed to produce an erection.

Which of the following is true of the effects of aging on human sexual performance?

For older adults with less education, frequently engaging in cognitive activities improves their episodic memory.

Which of the following is true of the influence of education on the cognitive functioning of older adults?

Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives.

Which of the following is true of the use of the Internet among older adults?

Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between semantic memory and aging is true?

Some scientists argue that the mTOR pathway is linked to longevity, the successful outcomes of calorie restriction, and reducing cognitive decline.

Which of the following statements is true of mTOR pathway theory?

socioemotional selectivity theory

Which of the following theories challenges the stereotype that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

socioemotional selectivity theory (2)

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

a supportive childhood.

Wisdom in late adulthood could be traced back to all of the following, EXCEPT

selective (2)

Zack is having a conversation with his friend Ben in a crowded room. Despite the presence of many voices around him, Zack focuses on what Ben is saying. This is an example of _____ attention.

Chronic

_____ diseases have a slow onset and a long duration, and they are rare in early adulthood.

Perceptual speed

_____ is a cognitive resource that involves the ability to perform tasks such as deciding whether pairs of two-digit or two-letter strings are the same or different or determining the time required to step on the brakes when the car directly ahead stops.

Arthritis

_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.

Implicit

_____ memory is memory without conscious recollection.

Selective optimization with compensation

_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

Socioemotional selectivity

_____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.

Cellular clock

_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

Working memory

_____, which is closely linked to short-term memory, allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.