Chapter 15 - AP EURO

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English. this proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. England also dominated in India. Was also fought in Europe between Prussia and England vs virtually every other country. Prussia eventually gave up and the peace between the European countries left everything virtually as it had been before.

Joseph II- Accomplishments and weaknesses

(Austria) An enlightened despot, Joseph II is best remembered for his Josephinism, which was a collection of reforms that he introduced during his sole reign between 1780 and 1790. During the ten years in which Joseph was the sole ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy (1780-1790), he attempted to legislate a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state.

Maria Theresa

(Austria) This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Frederick the Great- Accomplishments and weaknesses

(Prussia) His most significant accomplishments during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years' War. On balance, Frederick's greatest strength proved to be his greatest weakness, that of determined and unrepentant arrogance. Without it, Prussia would have no name of mark but with it, she was ravaged to a man and acre under the command of the greatest Frederick of them all.

Frederick William I- Accomplishments

(Prussia) built great military, Among other accomplishments, Frederick William I's government settled numerous peasant colonists and worked to stabilize the circumstances of peasant subjects on state domains and noble estates. His policies laid the foundation for the triumphant rise of Prussia under his son, Frederick II ("the Great") (r. 1740-86).

Catherine the Great - Accomplishments

(Russia) Catherine was the longest reigning female leader of the Russian Empire. She put enlightenment reform policies into effect. She successfully led Russia against the Ottoman Empire. She made Russia the dominant power in south-eastern Europe. Catherine II rapidly expanded the Russian Empire through conquest and diplomacy.

Parlements

15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily.

Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire)

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. Their economy suffered as the population increased. They were weak competeters compared to other European states. They were growing weaker compared to other states.

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Was 18th century British government democratic? Why or why not?

At the end of the 18th century Britain was not a democratic nation. With fewer than one in eight Englishmen entitled to take part in elections, only a fraction of the people in Britain had the right to vote.

Balance of Power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

New crops and technologies

Corn and potatoes, crop rotation, seed drill, manure, enclosures

The Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Characteristics of Eighteenth Century Warfare

Early modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive, including artillery and firearms; for this reason the era is also referred to as the age of gunpowder warfare (a concept introduced by Michael Roberts in the 1950s). This entire period is contained within the Age of Sail, which characteristic dominated the era's naval tactics, including the use of gunpowder in naval artillery.

Criticism of Eighteenth Century Warfare

Enlightenment thinkers were not in favor all of the Warfare of the Eighteenth Century.

Colonies, Trade, and War

France and Britain increasingly fought over colonies. foreign trade quadrupled, a big part because of the colonies. the French colonies had less people but they were in charge of a lucrative fir trade. The British colonies had more people and often got into conflict with natives.

Enlightened Absolutism- In what ways were Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great Enlightened? In what ways were they similar to their predecessors in their absolutism?

He believed that an enlightened monarchy was the only real way for society to advance. ... The monarchs of enlightened absolutism strengthened their authority by improving the lives of their subjects. This philosophy implied that the sovereign knew that the interests of his or her subjects better than they themselves did.

1767 Decree on Serfs

In 1767, her government published a decree that said serfs must exhibit absolute obedience to their lords and condemned serfs who protested about their conditions. Catherine's treatment of the serfs would come back to haunt her in 1773, when a man named Yemelyan Pugachev claimed to be Peter III (Catherine's executed husband) and staged an insurrection.

18th Century Poverty

In the 18th century probably half the population lived at subsistence or bare survival level. In the early part of the century, England suffered from gin drinking. ... The situation improved after 1751 when a tax was imposed on gin.

Was the Seven Years war the first World War? Why or why not?

It was undoubtedly a world war. But it was certainly not the first. That laurel belongs to a war that broke out 160 years earlier, in 1754, and carried on until 1763. Fighting did not start in Europe until 1756, which is why the conflict is known as the Seven Years' War in that part of the world.

Results of the Seven Years War

Kicked the French out of North America, French gave all the Mississippi Louisiana to Spain. Bolstered colonial self-esteem and Britain gained control of much of America, India, and gave Britain the top colonial and commercial power. Left Europe much the same as it had been before.

Louis XV- Accomplishments and weaknesses

Louis XV was king of France from 1715 to 1774. He is best known for contributing to the decline of royal authority that led to the French Revolution in 1789. His actions were the start of the French Revolution in France. Louis lacked strength in character and self confidence. He nearly put his country through bankruptcy.

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Enclosures

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

Peter the Great's successors

Six Mediocre Rulers, who gave many nobles the power in Russia back. This led to the The decree of Serfs which treated serfs like property. After which was Catherine I of Russia.

Population Growth- Reasons for trends

Spurred by western Europe's tremendous population growth during the late 18th century, extending well into the 19th century itself. Between 1750 and 1800, the populations of major countries increased between 50 and 100 percent, chiefly as a result of more and better food, earlier marriages, and fewer plagues.

18th Century British Government- Structure, balance of power

The Act of Settlement, signed in 1701, helped evolve the principle of a constitutional monarchy, still used in England today. The monarch ruled, but alongside the parliament and a new cabinet system from which the kind could choose ministers from the parliament (most often the house of commons) to represent him and command votes. By the end of the 18th century the Whigs who stood for parliament and the Tories who stood for monarchy.

18th Century status of Dutch and Spanish

The Dutch and Spanish were not, per say, allies of each other. The two major reasons that the Dutch rebelled against Spain were taxes and religion.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.

The Triangle of Trade

The trading system between the Americas, Europe and Africa that centered on the Caribbean.

The War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state. Implemented the diplomatic revolution which drastically changed allies across Europe.

Accomplishments of Peter the Great

defeated sweden and gained much of baltic coast, created standing army, modernized Russia's government and military, established Russia as dominant power in northeast Europe, pushed Russian nobility into a state of bureaucracy and army office corps.