Chapter 15 - Cranial Nerves

The _______ are the isolated, innermost gray matter areas near the base of the cerebrum, inferior to the lateral ventricles.

cerebral nuclei

The amygdaloid body, claustrum, and corpus atriatum are all components of the non-cortical gray matter of the cerebrum collectively known as the

cerebral nuclei

Which term describes masses of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere?

cerebral nuclei

The _______ are descending motor tracts on the anterolateral surface of the mesencephalon.

cerebral peduncles

The four major regions of the brain are the

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum

Which thalamic nuclei relay visual information from the optic tract to the visual cortex and mesencephalon?

lateral genlculate nuclei

Because of its major roles in controlling emotions, drives, and memory, damage to the ________ could drastically alter an individual's personality.

limbic system

Damage to one's _______ would impair the somatic reflexes involved in eating.

mammillary bodies

Of the primary brain vesicles, the only one that does not subdivide during embryonic development is the

mesencephalon

What are the three regions of the brainstem?

mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata

The transverse fibers that connect the two parts of the metencephalon are the

middle cerebellar peduncles

Of the following, damage to Broca's area would most likely cause

nonfluent aphasia

Which cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens

Cranial nerves with purely sensory functions include which of the following?

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

Which cerebral cortical area coordinates learned, skilled motor activities?

premotor cortex

Which hypothalamic nucleus or region serves as the body's "thermostat"?

preoptic area

Which cortical region is responsible for the conscious awareness of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?

primary somatosensory cortex

The visceral reflex center is housed within the

superior colliculus

Which cranial nerves have autonomic (parasympathetic) as well as somatic motor functions?

III, VII, IX, and X

Which cranial nerve assists in monitoring O2 and CO2 levels in the blood?

IX

From the subarachnoid space, excess cerebrospinal fluid flows into the dural venous sinuses through the

arachnoid villi

The twelve pairs of cranial nerves

arise mostly from the brainstem, with only one pair form the telencephalon

The central white matter consists of which three groups of axons?

association, commissural, and projection tracts

Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the

cerebellum

Outside, the ______ is covred with folia (literally, "leaves"); inside, it has a "tree" of white matter.

cerebellum

The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the

cerebellum

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

Which pair matches the correct cranial nerve with its primary functional category?

- II, special sensory - VII, mixed (sensory and motor) - XI, somatic motor

Components of the limbic system

- conduct and process olfactory sensations - collectively process and experience emotions - are essential is storing memories and forming long-term memory

The mesencephalon comprises all of the following structures

- corpora quadrigemina - cerebral peduncles - tegmentum

All of the following refer to the same region of the mesencephalon

- corpora quadrigemina - superior and inferior colliculi tectum

Which description of the cerebellum is correct?

- has a complex, convoluted surface covered by cerebellar cortex - a narrow band of cortex called the vermis lies along the midline - internally, white matter called arbor vitae forms branching patterns

Which of the following statement is true about the choroid plexus?

- it is located within the ventricles of the brain - it is composed of ependymal cells and capillaries - it produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid

The medulla oblongata contains

- nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves - nuclei and tracts that relay sensory information to the thalamus - several autonomic nuclei that regulate functions vital for life

The thalamus is responsible for

- processes and relays sensory information to the primary sensory cortex - filters incoming information and forwards relatively little to the cerebrum - sends signals about conscious awareness of emotional states to frontal lobes

Cerebrospinal fluid performs which of the following functions?

- provides buoyancy for the brain - cushions neural structures from sudden movements - delivers nutrients and chemical messengers and removes waste products

The corpus striatum comprises all of the following

- putamen - globus pallidus - caudate nucleus

In regions where the two laters of the dura mater separate, the gap junction between them is called

a dural venous sinus

The word root ependyma, as in "ependymal cells," literally means

an upper garment

Which structure produces cebrebrospinal fluid in each ventricle?

choroid plexus

The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is missing or markedly reduced in which of the following locations?

choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

Myelinated axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres are called?

commissural tracts

Which statement does not describe the parietal lobe?

contains the functionally important precentral gyrus

Parkinson disease results from ______ and is generally __________.

deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine; idiopathic

Endocrine organs housed within the cranium are all directly associated with which brain region?

disencephalon

Which sequence lists the cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep?

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Which is more dangerous, and why: a subdural or an epidural hemorrhage?

epidural, because a damaged artery produces a rapidly growing hematoma

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue?

facial

The largest of the cranial dural septa is the

falx cerebri

The tetrahedron-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum is the

fourth ventricle

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by the ________, which also controls the activities of the anterior pituitary as well as numerous autonomic functions, emotions, drives, and natural rhythms.

hypothalamus

Which region of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and various emotions and behavioral drives?

hypothalamus

Reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound is controlled by the ________ of the mesencephalon.

inferior colliculi

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement

Corpus callosum is to commissural as ________ is to projection tracts.

internal capsule

Which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

parietal lobe

Which structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?

pons

Which two parts of the brain most directly control normal breathing?

pons and medulla oblongata

The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?

precentral gyrus

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve has three divisions (opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)?

trigeminal (CN V)

Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?

vagus

The _________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.

vestibulocochlear

The word root vagus, as in "vagus nerve," most nearly means

wandering