Chapter 15 - Cranial Nerves
The _______ are the isolated, innermost gray matter areas near the base of the cerebrum, inferior to the lateral ventricles.
cerebral nuclei
The amygdaloid body, claustrum, and corpus atriatum are all components of the non-cortical gray matter of the cerebrum collectively known as the
cerebral nuclei
Which term describes masses of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere?
cerebral nuclei
The _______ are descending motor tracts on the anterolateral surface of the mesencephalon.
cerebral peduncles
The four major regions of the brain are the
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum
Which thalamic nuclei relay visual information from the optic tract to the visual cortex and mesencephalon?
lateral genlculate nuclei
Because of its major roles in controlling emotions, drives, and memory, damage to the ________ could drastically alter an individual's personality.
limbic system
Damage to one's _______ would impair the somatic reflexes involved in eating.
mammillary bodies
Of the primary brain vesicles, the only one that does not subdivide during embryonic development is the
mesencephalon
What are the three regions of the brainstem?
mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata
The transverse fibers that connect the two parts of the metencephalon are the
middle cerebellar peduncles
Of the following, damage to Broca's area would most likely cause
nonfluent aphasia
Which cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
Cranial nerves with purely sensory functions include which of the following?
olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
Which cerebral cortical area coordinates learned, skilled motor activities?
premotor cortex
Which hypothalamic nucleus or region serves as the body's "thermostat"?
preoptic area
Which cortical region is responsible for the conscious awareness of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
primary somatosensory cortex
The visceral reflex center is housed within the
superior colliculus
Which cranial nerves have autonomic (parasympathetic) as well as somatic motor functions?
III, VII, IX, and X
Which cranial nerve assists in monitoring O2 and CO2 levels in the blood?
IX
From the subarachnoid space, excess cerebrospinal fluid flows into the dural venous sinuses through the
arachnoid villi
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves
arise mostly from the brainstem, with only one pair form the telencephalon
The central white matter consists of which three groups of axons?
association, commissural, and projection tracts
Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the
cerebellum
Outside, the ______ is covred with folia (literally, "leaves"); inside, it has a "tree" of white matter.
cerebellum
The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the
cerebellum
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
Which pair matches the correct cranial nerve with its primary functional category?
- II, special sensory - VII, mixed (sensory and motor) - XI, somatic motor
Components of the limbic system
- conduct and process olfactory sensations - collectively process and experience emotions - are essential is storing memories and forming long-term memory
The mesencephalon comprises all of the following structures
- corpora quadrigemina - cerebral peduncles - tegmentum
All of the following refer to the same region of the mesencephalon
- corpora quadrigemina - superior and inferior colliculi tectum
Which description of the cerebellum is correct?
- has a complex, convoluted surface covered by cerebellar cortex - a narrow band of cortex called the vermis lies along the midline - internally, white matter called arbor vitae forms branching patterns
Which of the following statement is true about the choroid plexus?
- it is located within the ventricles of the brain - it is composed of ependymal cells and capillaries - it produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid
The medulla oblongata contains
- nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves - nuclei and tracts that relay sensory information to the thalamus - several autonomic nuclei that regulate functions vital for life
The thalamus is responsible for
- processes and relays sensory information to the primary sensory cortex - filters incoming information and forwards relatively little to the cerebrum - sends signals about conscious awareness of emotional states to frontal lobes
Cerebrospinal fluid performs which of the following functions?
- provides buoyancy for the brain - cushions neural structures from sudden movements - delivers nutrients and chemical messengers and removes waste products
The corpus striatum comprises all of the following
- putamen - globus pallidus - caudate nucleus
In regions where the two laters of the dura mater separate, the gap junction between them is called
a dural venous sinus
The word root ependyma, as in "ependymal cells," literally means
an upper garment
Which structure produces cebrebrospinal fluid in each ventricle?
choroid plexus
The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is missing or markedly reduced in which of the following locations?
choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Myelinated axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres are called?
commissural tracts
Which statement does not describe the parietal lobe?
contains the functionally important precentral gyrus
Parkinson disease results from ______ and is generally __________.
deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine; idiopathic
Endocrine organs housed within the cranium are all directly associated with which brain region?
disencephalon
Which sequence lists the cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep?
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Which is more dangerous, and why: a subdural or an epidural hemorrhage?
epidural, because a damaged artery produces a rapidly growing hematoma
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue?
facial
The largest of the cranial dural septa is the
falx cerebri
The tetrahedron-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum is the
fourth ventricle
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by the ________, which also controls the activities of the anterior pituitary as well as numerous autonomic functions, emotions, drives, and natural rhythms.
hypothalamus
Which region of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and various emotions and behavioral drives?
hypothalamus
Reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound is controlled by the ________ of the mesencephalon.
inferior colliculi
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement
Corpus callosum is to commissural as ________ is to projection tracts.
internal capsule
Which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?
parietal lobe
Which structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?
pons
Which two parts of the brain most directly control normal breathing?
pons and medulla oblongata
The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?
precentral gyrus
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?
trigeminal
Which cranial nerve has three divisions (opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)?
trigeminal (CN V)
Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?
vagus
The _________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.
vestibulocochlear
The word root vagus, as in "vagus nerve," most nearly means
wandering