Chapter 15 Notes

What causes hot flashes?

a decline in estrogen production

Studies report that there is _________ association between religious participation and longevity.

a positive

A loss of strength in middle adulthood is most common in the ______.

back and legs

Select the leading causes of death in middle adulthood.

cardiovascular disease and cancer

_____ disorders have a slow onset and a long duration.

chronic

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

climacteric

The term __________ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

climacteric

Many middle-aged adults experience decreases in the visual fields, creating a problem seeing objects that are

close

The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as __________ __________

erectile dysfunction

Hot flashes are associated with a decline in the production of the hormone _________

estrogen

Middle adulthood has been defined as the age period between the

forties to mid-sixties

For many adults, susceptibility to colds and allergies are _____ common in middle adulthood compared to adolescence and early adulthood.

less

During middle adulthood, people tend to _____ height.

lose

The time when women's menstrual periods completely cease is known as

menopause

_____ is the time for women in middle age, usually during their late forties or early fifties when their menstrual periods stop.

menopause

The time period between one's 40s and 60s is known as _________ adulthood.

middle

When is expertise more likely to occur?

middle adulthood

Companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in

offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults.

Some researchers argue that having a sense of control in middle age is _______ modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.

one of the most important

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ________

ovaries

________ is the term given to describe age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

sarcopenia

Chronic disorders have a _____ onset and a _____ duration.

slow; long

The challenges facing many of today's middle-aged workers include all of the following, EXCEPT

the decline in information technologies.

Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study of cognitive abilities across the lifespan indicated that ______.

there were more peaks than declines in cognitive abilities in middle age

True or false: A sense of control in middle age can help delay the onset of diseases.

true

True or false: Religious attendance and commitment have been positively associated with health outcomes in middle adulthood.

true

Which of the following describe the effects of aging on an individual's height?

- A decrease in height in middle adulthood is usually associated with bone loss. - Women can lose as much as 2 inches in height during adulthood. - On average, men lose one inch in height from early to middle age.

Which of the following accurately describe age-related physical changes?

- Age-related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% to 2% per year after age 50. - Bone loss usually accelerates with further aging. - Joint performance generally peaks in one's 20s.

Which statements regarding health and disease in middle adulthood are true?

- In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to allergies than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. - In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to colds than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. - Frequency of accidents declines in middle adulthood compared to early adulthood and adolescence.

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the mortality rates of people in middle adulthood?

- In middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition. - Infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century. - Chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood.

Which of the following statements regarding changes in midlife are true?

- Many 50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago. - Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. - Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today.

Which statements about weight in midlife are TRUE?

- Obesity increases from early to middle adulthood. - Obesity in middle adulthood increases one's risk for hypertension. - Nearly 40% of middle-aged adults were classified as obese in a recent study.

Which of the following describe vision changes in middle age?

- The retina receives only one-third as much light as 20 years before. - The eye's blind spot increases. - The visual field size decreases.

What does crystallized intelligence include?

- Verbal skills - Accumulated information

For many people, middle adulthood a time of which of the following?

- declining physical skills - passing on something meaningful to the next generation - becoming more aware of the young-old polarity

Which factors play a role in the rate of aging in middle age?

- lifestyle factors - genetic makeup

Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities?

- responsibility - freedom - spirituality

Which of the following are among the more visible and obvious signs of aging?

- skin beginning to wrinkle and sag - pigmentation in the skin producing age spots - fingernails and toenails developing ridges and becoming thicker

In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men and women in middle age?

- verbal memory - verbal ability - spatial orientation - inductive reasoning

There is a lower risk of cardiovascular disease when

HDL is high and LDL is low.

Which statement regarding changes in middle-aged adults' memory is false?

Increases in memory are usually found in cross-sectional studies.

Which statement regarding perimenopause is FALSE?

It is most common in the thirties but can occur in the twenties.

When _____ is too high it sticks to the lining of the blood vessels, which can lead to atherosclerosis.

LDL

Which of the following statements about middle-aged workers is FALSE?

Most have not yet reached their peak in earnings.

Which statement regarding work in midlife is FALSE?

Most workers are starting to retire.

What was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life?

People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist.

Which of the following is NOT a finding of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

Perceptual speed increased in middle adulthood

Which statement about the rate of physical changes in middle adulthood is FALSE?

The rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults.

Which of the following statements about the immune system and stress is FALSE?

There are more natural killer cells present during times of stress.

One reason for the link between stress and disease is that stress can lead to overproduction of the hormone ______.

cortisol

__________ has been labeled the "stress hormone" because stress leads to overproduction of it, and it is linked to physical problems such as cardiovascular disease.

cortisol

One's accumulated information and verbal skills are components of ______ intelligence.

crystallized

It has been concluded that in general, there is a(n) ______ during middle adulthood.

decline in memory

The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as erectile

dysfunction

On average, middle-aged adults tend to

gain weight

Many experts conclude that in middle adulthood ______.

gains and losses balance each other

HRT, which was once routinely prescribed to treat some side effects of menopause, stands for _______ ________ _______

hormone replacement therapy

Stress can affect the system, which consists of millions of white blood cells that fight off bacteria, viruses, and tumors.

immune

Starting in middle adulthood, rates of chronic disease begin to

increase

Today, middle age is starting ______ and lasting ______ for increasing numbers of individuals.

later; longer

One of the top six regrets among U.S. adults was not engaging in more

leisure

___________ refers to the pleasant times after daily work hours when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.

leisure

_________ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all.

perimenopause

The most visible signs of aging in middle adulthood involve

physical changes

______ is an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or ultimate truth).

religion

____________ is an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other

religion

In order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT

relying exclusively on recent experiences.

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is referred to as ______.

sarcopenia

______ are more likely to have nonfatal chronic disorders, while ______ are more likely to suffer from fatal chronic disorders.

women; men