CHAPTER 15 - PHYSICS
true
An adabiatic container or calorimeter can thermally isolate a process from its surroundings. true false
true
Because of the properties of radiant energy, black is not a good color to wear in the sun to stay cool. true false
true
Brownian motion is the random motion of suspended particles brought about by the rapid movement of the molecules in which the particles are suspended. true false
true
Conduction is the chief mechanism of thermal-energy transfer in solids. true false
false
Conduction is the chief mechanism of thermal-energy transfer in water. true false
true
Convection can take place only in liquids. true false
no
Do all objects heat up at the same rate when exposed to high temperatures? yes no
false
Doubling the absolute temperature of iron multiplies the amount of thermal energy radiated by 8. true false
true
Dry air is a good insulator. true false
false
Dry air is a good thermal conductor. true false
true
Dry air is a good thermal insulator. true false
radiation
Energy from the sun reaches the earth by diffusion. conduction. convection. radiation.
gravity
Ultimately, what drives thermal convection? Brownian motion diffusion the earth's rotation gravity
true
Under normal conditions, the specific heat of most solids is nearly constant. true false
true
Water is densest at 4 °C. true false
true
A black object is the best absorber of radiant energies that are the most easily converted to thermal energy. true false
false
A change in thermal energy content in a system always causes a change in the system's temperature. true false
true
According to caloric theory cold objects absorb caloric from hotter objects.
true
Gas particles move faster than liquid particles. true false
true
In order to heat transfer between two points by conduction there must be a continuous path of matter between the points. true false
true
It is possible for 2 objects made of different materials to have the same heat capacity. true false
false
Only glowing objects radiate energy true false
false
Only objects with a temperature greater than 100 K radiate any thermal energy. true false
false
Specific heat is the same for all substances. true false
true
Speed is to momentum as temperature is to heat capacity. true false
true
Temperature alone does not determine the thermal energy of an object. true false
joule
The SI unit for heat is the calorie. joule. J/g°C. N/m.
false
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1°C is the BTU. true false
true
The dissolving of a sample of a solid substance is a key evidence for particle motion in matter true false
false
The quantity of heat lost or gained by an object is inversely proportional to its temperature change. true false
true
The term adiabatic means ' constant thermal energy. true false
true
The thermal energy that must be lost in order to freeze a kilogram of a substance at its freezing point is its latent heat of fusion. true false
Caloric Theory
The view that heat is a material fluid, called caloric that flows from hot objects to cold objects is called ____
1 g of steam at 100 degrees C because it includes the latent heat of vaporization
Which contains more thermal energy, 1 g of liquid water at 100 degrees C or 1 g of steam at 100 degrees C?
true
A change in thermal energy does not always change. There is no temperature change during a phase change. true false
calorimeter
A container designed to minimize the exchange of thermal energy with its surroundings is a calorimeter. heat capacity device. latent heat meter. specific heat meter.
adiabatic
A process that does not gain or lose thermal energy to its surroundings is adiabatic. isothermal. isochoric. isobaric.
sixteen times
According to Stefan's law, since energy is proportional to temperature to the fourth power, an object radiates _______ as much energy at a given temperature as it radiates at half that temperature. half twice eight times sixteen times
true
By Stefan's law, if the absolute temperature doubles, the thermal energy increases by 24 which is sixteen-fold. true false
true
Convection in a fluid is caused by density differences within the fluid on which gravity acts. true false
true
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy from one place to another by the movement of particles. true false
true
Different substances have different specific heats so they will release differing amounts of heat. true false
true
Different substances have different specific heats. Therefore, when an object is cooled or heated, the heat released or absorbed differs for each substance. true false
true
Diffusion is the spreading of a substance caused by particle motion. true false
true
Every object with a temperature above absolute zero radiates thermal energy. true false
temperature
For a given set of conditions, a phase change always occurs at constant volume. temperature. pressure. density.
thermal
For thermal energy to be conserved, only __________ energy can be exchanged. kinetic molecular thermal potential
false
Gases diffuse more slowly than liquids and solids. true false
true
Gases diffuse much faster than liquids and solids. true false
true
Good thermal conductors generally are of substances having free electrons. true false
false
Heat capacity depends on the amount of mass present. true false
true
Heat capacity is determined by the specific heat of the material it is made of and the mass of the object. true false
true
Heat capacity is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of an entire object 1 °C. true false
true
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one body to another. true false
true
Heat was shown by James Joule to be equivalent to energy. true false
false
If a 10 g bar of brass and a 10 g bar of silver are cooled from 50°C to 30°C, the cooling process will release the same amount of heat from each bar. true false
true
If thermal energy is conserved in a process, the heat gained by a system is lost by its surroundings and vice versa. true false
true
In order to vaporize, water must absorb 2256 J/g. true false
false
In order to vaporize, water must release 2256 J/g true false
true
Latent heat of fusion and vaporization are not related in magnitude because they result from different phase changes. true false
false
Since adiabatic vessels prevent all thermal energy exchange with the surroundings, they are frequently used in scientific experiments to control variables. true false
true
Since energy is proportional to temperature to the fourth power, an object radiates sixteen times as much energy at a given temperature as it radiates at half that temperature. Therefore, if you doubled the temperature, the energy would increase sixteen-fold. true false
true
Stefan's law shows that all objects at temperatures above absolute zero radiate thermal energy. true false
false
Temperature is the transfer of thermal energy from one body to another. true false
latent heat of fusion
The amount of heat required to melt 1 g of a substance at its melting point is its latent heat of vaporization. latent heat of fusion. heat capacity. specific heat.
true
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1 °C is the specific heat of that substance. true false
true
The amount of heat that is needed to raise the temperature of an object a certain number of degrees is released when the object is cooled the same number of degrees. true false
black.
The color that best absorbs light at all wavelengths is red. white. black. blue.
caloric theory
The discredited theory of heat is called ___
false
The heat capacity and thermal energy of a system are equivalent quantities. true false
false
The heat capacity of a 1 g block of wood is the same as that of a 1000 g block of wood. true false
false
The latent heat of fusion for a particular substance has the same magnitude as its latent heat of vaporization. true false
true
The principle for using a calorimeter to determine heat capacities is the conservation of energy. true false
false
The specific heat capacity of a substance depends on the amount of mass present. true false
true
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance 1 °C. true false
true
The specific heat of the wood blocks is the same. The heat capacity of the larger block is 1000 times that of the smaller one. true false
true
There are no truly adiabatic containers. true false
true
Thermal energy is a property of a system. true false
true
Thermal energy is measured in Celsius. true false
false
Thermal energy is measured in kelvins. true false
latent heat.
Thermal energy may be added to water without changing the temperature. This is due to energy conservation. heat capacity. latent heat. specific heat. diffusion.
a calorimeter and a thermometer.
To measure the heat capacity of an object in a lab, a physicist would require only an adiabatic vessel with a cover. a calorimeter and a thermometer. a thermometer and a source of heat. a radiometer.
absorbing latent heat.
Under certain conditions, heat may be added to water without changing its temperature. This is due to absorbing latent heat. total energy conservation. water's relatively high heat capacity. water's relatively high specific heat.
true
Under ideal conditions, heating a mass of liquid water from 10°C to 20°C requires the same energy as heating the same mass from 60°C to 70°C. true false
false
Water is densest when in its solid state. true false
true
When an object is heated, the thermal energy needed to raise the temperature is absorbed by the object. true false
it absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings.
When water vaporizes at its boiling point for a given pressure, it liberates thermal energy to its surroundings. it absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings. its absolute temperature falls. its absolute temperature rises.
warm air rising above a warm lake on a hot summer day
Which of the following is an example of convection? a crayon melting as it sits in the hot sun an ice cube melting as it touches a warm liquid burning your hand on a hot pan warm air rising above a warm lake on a hot summer day
Brownian motion
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the transfer of thermal energy? Brownian motion conduction convection radiation
burning your hand on a hot pan
Which of the following results from conduction? warming yourself by a crackling fire a crayon melting as it sits in the hot sun heating of the atmosphere by the sun burning your hand on a hot pan
Antonine Lavoisier
Which of the following scientists did not believe that heat was ultimately due to motion of some kind? Antoine Lavoisier Robert Boyle James Joule Francis Bacon
Antoine Lavoisier
Which of the following scientists endorsed the caloric theory (heat is a material fluid) instead of the kinetic theory (heat arises from particle motion)? Robert Boyle Francis Bacon Antoine Lavoisier Robert Hooke
Diffusion can be observed only under a microscope.
Which of the following statements is not true? Diffusion is the spreading of a substance through particle motion alone. The rate of diffusion is temperature dependent. The rate of diffusion is higher in gases than liquids. Diffusion can be observed only under a microscope.
free electrons
Which of the following transfers kinetic energy at the atomic level most efficiently? protons electrons in covalent bond neutrons free electrons
free electrons
Which of the following transfers kinetic energy at the atomic level most efficiently? protons electrons in covalent bonds neutrons free electrons
air trapped within a barrier
Which of the following would be the best material to use as a thermal insulator? air trapped within a barrier glass barrier stainless steel barrier silver barrier
Heat resides between the particles of matter.
Which one of these statements does not agree with the kinetic-molecular theory? Particles of matter are in constant, random motion. Heat is the transfer of a form of energy. Thermal energy can be transformed to other kinds of energy. Heat resides between the particles of matter.
James Joule
Who discovered the mechanical equivalent of heat? Francis Bacon Count Rumford Robert Boyle James Joule
true
Wood is a good thermal insulator because at the molecular level, it has few free electrons. true false
Count Rumford
___ conducted a cannon-boring experiment that contradicted the idea that caloric was bound in the particles of matter and released in proportion to the amount of matter removed. Francis Bacon Count Rumford Robert Boyle James Joule
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
___ states that thermal energy is related to the motion of particles of matter. Caloric Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory
blackbody
a perfect emitter and absorber of electromagnetic radiation temperature heat capacity adiabatic convection blackbody latent heat of vaporization
adiabatic
a property that allows no energy exchange across the boundary of a system; being an ideal insulator temperature heat capacity adiabatic convection blackbody latent heat of vaporization
Brownian motion
caused by collision of fluid particles that surround a small object temperature diffusion Brownian motion thermal energy joule caloric theory
joule
the SI unit of heat temperature diffusion Brownian motion thermal energy joule caloric theory
latent heat of vaporization
the amount of heat required to vaporize 1 g of a substance at its boiling point temperature heat capacity adiabatic convection blackbody latent heat of vaporization
heat capacity
the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of an entire object 1 °C temperature heat capacity adiabatic convection blackbody latent heat of vaporization
temperature
the average kinetic energy of the particles temperature diffusion Brownian motion thermal energy joule caloric theory
temperature
the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance temperature adiabatic heat capacity convection blackbody latent heat of vaporization
diffusion
the spreading of a substance caused by particle motion temperature diffusion Brownian motion thermal energy joule caloric theory
thermal energy
the sum of the kinetic energy of all particles temperature diffusion Brownian motion thermal energy joule caloric theory
convection
the transfer of thermal energy from one place to another by the movement of particles temperature heat capacity adiabatic convection blackbody latent heat of vaporization
