Chapter 15 Practice

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right-handed individuals.

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the two brain hemispheres is that the hemispheres have many connections and function as one. The solution to this has been to study _______ patients in which the _______ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres.

split-brain; corpus callosum

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

Able is a morpheme.

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true?

Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.

In the Wada test, a short-acting _______ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other.

anesthetic

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally.

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

left visual field.

PET scans of brain activation during progressively more complex language processing tasks showed _______ in Broca's area as compared to activation during simple word repetition or reading aloud.

marked activation

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms.

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

phonemes; grammar

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.

planum temporale; temporal

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences.

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

restraining

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?

When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that

a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body.

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they

have difficulty understanding the meanings of words.

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.

posterior; phonological

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test?

If a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

Disturbance in reading is called

alexia

Hemispheric specialization is also known as

lateralization

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.

7

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.

Micropolygyria

In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from _______ cortex.

N400; temporoparietal

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia.

global

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.

right; right

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough.

surface

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region.

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.

the same