Chapter 15 Review

Drag and drop the terms below so that the equation represents the relationship between flow, blood pressure, and impedance to flow as it is presented in your text.

Mean arterial pressure (half infinity) cardiac output (X) total peripheral resistance

Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter? a. cardiac muscle b. smooth muscle c. neural tissue d. epithelial tissue

b

What is the term for the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute?

cardiac output

The following activities and body conditions affect blood pressure by changing one of the two listed factors. Drag the appropriate physiological changes to their respective bins.

Blood Volume: excessive sweating and blood donation Total Peripheral Resistance: increased sympathetic activity, high-altitude living, growth, and smoking

The following physiological changes either increase or decrease blood pressure. Drag the appropriate factors to the respective bins.

Decreases Blood Pressure: increase blood vessel diameter Increases Blood Pressure: increase blood volume, increase blood viscosity, increase total peripheral resistance, increase cardiac output, increase blood vessel length

For each of the following parameterphrases, indicate whether the parameter will increase or decrease in response to low blood pressure.

Increase: sympathetic output, heart rate, force of contraction, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance Decrease: firing or baroreceptors and parasympathetic output

Drag and drop each of the following terms associated with the control of the heart rate and blood vessel diameter so that is appropriately matches with its defining term.

Integrating Center: medullary cardiovascular centers Efferent Neurons: parasympathetic neurons and sympathetic neurons Receptors: carotid and aortic baroreceptors Stimulus: change in blood pressure Target: SA node, ventricles, arterioles, and veins

Drag and drop each of the following receptors and neurotransmitters so that it matches up with the correct tissue.

SA node: epinephrine, norepinephrine, B1-receptors, acetylcholine, and muscarinic receptors Arterioles smooth muscle: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and alpha receptors Ventricular myocardium: B1-receptors, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

In determining vessel diameter, smooth muscle does play a large role. For both constriction and dilation of blood vessels (arterioles), place the following components into the most appropriate diameter category.

Vasoconstriction: alpha-adrenergic receptor and smooth muscle contraction Vasodilation: B2-adrenergic receptor and smooth muscle relaxation

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). a. increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity. b. decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity c. increased PNS and SNS activity

a

Although we often just use the term blood pressure loosely, the specific variable controlled by the body is mean arterial blood pressure. While there are non-cardiovascular variables that can affect blood (e.g., blood volume), the cardiovascular variables can be adjusted very quickly to respond to sudden changes in blood pressure. Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to changes in blood pressure? Select all that apply. a. heart rate b. force of cardiac contraction c. blood vessel diameter d. volume of blood in body e. body temperature

a, b, c

In order for the target tissues of the cardiovascular system to respond to changes in blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system has to be able to deliver chemical signals to the target tissues, which must be equipped with the appropriate receptors so that a response can be carried out. Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function? Select all that apply. a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) d. glutamate e. epinephrine f. acetylcholine

a, e, f

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? a. venous b. arterial

a: Bc the HP of blood (which favors filtration out of the capillary) is lowest in the venous end of the capillary.

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by ____. a. blood pressure b. proteins in the blood

a: Blood pressure is the driving force for filtration

Which of the following would reflect the typical net HP at the arterial end of the capillary? a. 1 mm Hg b. 34 mm Hg c. 12 mm Hg

b: HPc (35 mm Hg) - HPi (1 mm Hg) = 34 mm Hg, which is the net HP at the arterial end. The HP of the blood is much higher at the arterial end of capillary, thus favoring filtration.

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the ____ minus hydrostatic pressure in the ____. a. interstitial fluid; capillary b. capillary; interstitial fluid

b: The capillary HP (HPc) s much higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure (HPi). The IF is forced out of the capillaries

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by ____. a. blood pressure b. proteins in the blood

b: The non-diffusible proteins in the plasma exert the colloid osmotic pressure which pulls fluid into the capillary.

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? a. net hydrostatic pressure b. net osmotic pressure

b: The proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid into the capillary.

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? a. cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata b. carotid sinus and aortic arch c. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

b: The sensors are the arterial baroreceptors themselves, located at the carotid sinus and aortic arch. They detect changes in blood pressure by the degree of stretch on the blood vessel.

Rank each of the following phrases in the correct sequential order to demonstrate how sympathetic activity changes when blood pressure is high.

baroreceptors increase firing rate --> medullary oblongata integrates signal --> sympathetic output decreases --> ventricular myocardium beats with less force --> cardiac output decreases

What is the term for the force of the blood against vessel wall?

blood pressure

What is the term for the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other?

blood viscosity

Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient's blood pressure as 134/86. What are the patient's pules pressure and mean arterial pressure? a. PP = 1.56 mm Hg and MAP = 44 mm Hg b. PP = 24, but MAP cannot be determined from the info given c. PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg d. PP = 86 mm Hg and MAP = 134 mm Hg

c

Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance? a. flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance b. flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance c. flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance d. flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance

c

Which of the following is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high? a. induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle b. reduce blood volume c. decrease heart rate d. decrease force of contraction of the heart

c

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? a. increased activity of the PNS b. increased activity of the SNS c. decreased activity of the SNS d. decreased activity of the PNS

c: A decrease in the activity of the SNS would result in decreased activity of vasomotor fibers, resulting in vasodilation

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in ____. a. blood viscosity b. blood volume c. blood vessel diameter d. cardiac output

c: Decreases in blood vessel diameter increase blood pressure bc blood has more difficulty flowing through small vessels than large vessels. In other words, a decrease in blood vessel diameter increases total peripheral resistance. Assuming cardiac output remains constant, the increased total peripheral resistance would increase blood pressure. Or perhaps more intuitively, if cardiac output is to remain constant, blood pressure must increase.

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? a. a decrease in heart rate b. vasodilation of arterioles c. an increase in heart contractility d. decrease in cardiac output

c: SNS activity would be increased bc of the low blood pressure. Sympathetic fibers go to the ventricles of the heart and increase their contractility. An increase in contractility would increase stroke volume which would lead to an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? a. 10% change in vessel length b. 10% change in cardiac output c. 10% change in vessel diameter d. 10% change in blood viscosity

c: The main determinant of total peripheral resistance is the diameter of the small arteriole. As blood vessel diameter increases, resistance goes down, and vice versa. Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the blood vessel radius. Radius is 1/2 of the vessel diameter. This means any change in vessel diameter will affect resistance by a factor of 1/r4 where r is the radius. For example, a doubling of the vessel diameter will have a 2*2*2*2 or 16-fold reduction in resistance.

Ranks each of the following statements so that they occur in the correct sequential order. Rank from earliest to latest.

change in blood pressure --> carotid and aortic baroreceptors fire --> medullary cardiovascular center integrates --> sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons fire --> heart and blood vessels generate a response

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle: a. muscarinic receptor signaling increases b. norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors c. signaling at B1 receptors is increased d. signaling at alpha receptors is decreased e. acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors

d

What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is NOT contracting (ventricular diastole)? a. stretching of the muscular arteries b. constriction of the arterioles c. closing of the semilunar valves d. recoil of the elastic arteries

d

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? a. a decrease in cardiac output b. a decrease in blood pressure c. vasodilation of arteries d. an increase in heart rate and contractility

d: Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla and act as part of the SNS, increasing heart rate and contractility. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have other effects that would also increase blood pressure

These organ systems receive a certain amount of the cardiac output, and they can also be ranked according to blood flow relative to organ system size (mass of tissue). Rank them again, in order, with the organ system receiving the most blood per mass of tissue on the left, and the least blood per mass on the right.

kidneys --> liver --> heart --> brain --> skin --> skeletal muscle --> bones

Rank, in order, the organ systems of the body according to the amount of blood each receives, with the organ system receiving the most blood on the left, to the organ system receiving the least blood on the right.

liver --> skeletal muscle --> kidneys --> brain --> bones --> skin --> heart

What is the term for the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels?

total peripheral resistance