CHAPTER 15 STUDY QUESTIONS

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it is the most common cause of senile dementia. is characterized by a progressive loss of memory. has a clear genetic basis. is associated with the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. may be associated with damage to the nucleus basalis.

has a clear genetic basis.

Descending branches of the vagus and splanchnic nerves travel through the ________ plexus. cardiac pulmonary hypogastric esophageal celiac

esophageal

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating constipation. diarrhea. excessive salivation. excessive heart rate. prostate disorders.

excessive heart rate.

Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause food to remain in your stomach longer. a drop in blood pressure. constriction of the pupils. more saliva production. increased sweating.

food to remain in your stomach longer.

For minor surgical procedures, Valium is typically given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia. This means the patient will temporarily forget all fact memories such as the color of a stop sign. forget skill memories like how to ride a bike. forget long-term memories like their name. forget memories from before surgery. forget memories from during and immediately after surgery.

forget memories from during and immediately after surgery.

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on postganglionic fibers. visceral reflex responses. motor neurons. ganglionic neurons. afferent neurons.

ganglionic neurons.

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation? occipital lobe basal nuclei hippocampus insula prefrontal lobe

hippocampus

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest." sympathetic parasympathetic thoracolumbar visceral somatomotor

parasympathetic

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ? sympathetic division of the ANS parasympathetic division of the ANS somatic nervous system afferent nervous system central nervous system

parasympathetic division of the ANS

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. spinal splanchnic chain pelvic collateral

pelvic

Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the ________ nerve(s). pelvic splanchnic celiac sympathetic mesenteric

pelvic

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron. upper motor lower motor preganglionic postganglionic somatomotor

preganglionic

Autonomic disorders would not cause excessive perspiration. appetite. sexual arousal. problems in maintenance of blood pressure. problems related to skeletal muscle function.

problems related to skeletal muscle function.

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements? schizophrenia Parkinson's disease Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease senile dementia

Huntington's disease

Special sensory inputs arrive by which cranial nerves? I and II II and IV II and VIII V and VII VII and VIII

II and VIII

Blocking ________ receptors in the ________ prevents long-term memory formation. serotonin; hypothalamus NMDA; hippocampus NMDA; midbrain serotonin; midbrain norepinephrine; hippocampus

NMDA; hippocampus

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord. Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long. The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division. The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs. REM deep beta stage 1 stage 2

REM

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the sympathetic division? PNS ganglia are near the vertebral column. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short. Preganglionic neurons are located between T1 and L2 of the spinal cord. The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized. Postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized.

Which of the following is not true regarding visceral reflex arcs? They are monosynaptic. They have the same basic components as somatic reflexes. Short visceral reflexes bypass the CNS. They can be short or long reflexes. The processing steps involve interneurons in the CNS.

They are monosynaptic.

________ reflexes perform the simplest functions of the autonomic nervous system. Somatic Cranial Spinal Visceral Consensual

Visceral

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except III. VII. IX. X. XII.

XII.

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle a drug that blocks alpha-2 receptors in adipose tissue a drug that increases cAMP levels in cardiac muscle tissue a drug that blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause increase in heart rate. problems in sexual arousal. a reduction in saliva. visual problems. urine retention.

a reduction in saliva.

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? the heart a blood vessel in the skin a sweat gland the liver the salivary glands

a sweat gland

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? thoracic pelvic abdominal craniosacral abdominopelvic

abdominopelvic

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because muscarinic receptors are deactivated by norepinephrine. acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase. norepinephrine hyperpolarizes the postganglionic membrane. norepinephrine is inactivated at the synapse by monoamine oxidase. epinephrine blocks the muscarinic receptors.

acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase.

The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________. acetylcholine; serotonin serotonin; norepinephrine norepinephrine; serotonin acetylcholine; GABA glutamate; serotonin

acetylcholine; GABA

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that activates â1 adrenergic receptors. activates â2 adrenergic receptors. activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors. blocks â2 adrenergic receptors. activates â2 adrenergic receptors or activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

activates â2 adrenergic receptors.

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the intramural ganglia. collateral ganglia. chain ganglia. brain stem. adrenal medullae.

adrenal medullae.

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called cholinergic. anergic. adrenergic. synergic. noradrenergic.

adrenergic.

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions. allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options. provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves. alpha beta theta delta gamma

alpha

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. broken down by COMT. going to reduce the activity of the other neurotransmitter norepinephrine. broken down by monoamine oxidase. a chemical similar to the structure of adrenaline.

always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in no change in vessel diameter. a decrease in vessel diameter. oscillation in vessel diameter. a decrease in blood flow through the vessel. an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except increased release of neurotransmitters. anterograde amnesia. the formation of additional synaptic connections. the formation of memory engrams. facilitation at synapses.

anterograde amnesia.

Muscarinic receptors are normally activated by acetylcholine. are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. always produce an excitatory response. control sodium channels in the affected membrane. are blocked by norepinephrine.

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be sympathomimetic. parasympathomimetic. parasympathetic blocking agents. sympathetic blocking agents. autonomic blocking agents.

autonomic blocking agents.

Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called somatic plexuses. somatic ganglia. autonomic plexuses. autonomic ganglia. central plexuses.

autonomic plexuses.

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. nicotinic cholinergic muscarinic cholinergic alpha-1 adrenergic alpha-2 adrenergic beta-1 adrenergic

beta-1 adrenergic

Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia? liver spleen stomach pancreas bladder

bladder

The adrenal medullae secrete medullin. epinephrine. norepinephrine. renin. both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon sympathetic stimulation only. parasympathetic stimulation only. somatomotor stimulation only. both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving two nerves from the spinal cord. both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. both sensory and motor nerves.

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in the brain. the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. the cerebrum.

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the celiac plexus. hypogastric plexus. cardiac plexus. sphenopalatine ganglia. otic ganglia.

cardiac plexus.

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion? ciliary pterygopalatine submandibular otic celiac

celiac

The short reflex bypasses what part of the nervous system? peripheral nervous system enteric nervous system spinal cord brainstem central nervous system

central nervous system

Most long-term memories are stored in the cerebellum. hypothalamus. cerebral cortex. pons. thalamus.

cerebral cortex.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic _____ ganglia. intramural collateral chain paravertebral adrenal

chain

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic chain. tract. decussation. tubes. canal.

chain.

All parasympathetic neurons are adrenergic. cholinergic. nitroxidergic. gamma-aminobutyric. dopaminergic.

cholinergic.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called _____ ganglia. intramural collateral chain paravertebral adrenal

collateral

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia. chain collateral intramural paravertebral terminal

collateral

Which type of ganglionic neuron innervates visceral organs in the abdominopelvic cavity? adrenal medullary neurons sympathetic chain ganglionic neurons collateral ganglionic neurons sacral ganglionic neurons cervical ganglionic neurons

collateral ganglionic neurons

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is somnolence. sleep. stupor. coma. a chronic vegetative state.

coma.

Sympathetic nerves provoke feelings of sympathy. allow us to relax, rest, and recover. contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers. control swallowing. stimulate gastric secretion.

contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to relaxation of the urinary sphincter. increased heart rate. conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose. activation of ventral sweat glands. increased gastric motility.

conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose.

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division. thoracolumbar craniosacral thoracocranial craniolumbar craniococcygeal

craniosacral

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug? sweating increased heart rate dilation of respiratory passages decreased blood pressure increased blood sugar level

decreased blood pressure

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except increased sweat secretion. reduced circulation to the skin. decreased heart rate. dilation of the pupils. increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.

decreased heart rate.

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake? agitation hallucinations depression Parkinson's Huntington's

depression

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state? exertion trauma digestion stress exercise

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the heart. pupils. sweat glands. digestive tract. arrector pili muscles.

digestive tract.

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to decrease heart rate. decrease blood pressure. dilate airways. increase gastric motility. reduce blood sugar levels.

dilate airways.

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to dilate the right pupil. constrict the right pupil. dilate the left pupil. constrict the left pupil. smile and frown.

dilate the right pupil.

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction. constriction of the pupils. dilation of the airways. stimulation of urination. stimulation of defecation.

dilation of the airways.

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. single dual biaxial ambitonic autonomic

dual

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain? midbrain primary motor cortex hypothalamus thalamus cerebellum

hypothalamus

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the cerebrum. thalamus. cerebellum. pituitary gland. hypothalamus.

hypothalamus.

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in the decrease in ATP production. increased heart rate and force of contraction. decreased force of contraction. slower heart rate. inhibition of the heart muscle.

increased heart rate and force of contraction.

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function? gagging on food that does not appeal to you a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant increased heart rate when you see a person you fear dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following except reduction in brain size and weight. decrease in the number of neurons. decreased blood flow to the brain. changes in synaptic organization in the brain. increased memory storage.

increased memory storage.

Parasympathetic stimulation increases heart rate. increases gastric motility. causes sweat glands to secrete. causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. causes the pupils to dilate.

increases gastric motility.

Splanchnic nerves originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord. innervate the viscera or internal organs. control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax. connect chain ganglia. are formed of parasympathetic fibers.

innervate the viscera or internal organs.

Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that it causes vomiting. it causes salivation. it causes sweating. it causes skeletal muscle convulsions. it causes diarrhea.

it causes skeletal muscle convulsions.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury? left pupil right pupil heart both pupils left pupil and heart

left pupil and heart

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called memory conversion. anterograde amnesia. memory programming. memory consolidation. memory engraving.

memory consolidation.

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the medulla. pons. midbrain. diencephalon. cerebrum.

midbrain.

The majority of norepinephrine released by varicosities only briefly affects the target tissue because it is quickly reused or broken down by monoamine oxidase. acetylcholinesterase. nitroxide. decarboxylase. catalase.

monoamine oxidase.

Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation? acetylcholine norepinephrine dopamine serotonin nitric oxide

nitric oxide

What neurotransmitter is released from most varicosities in the sympathetic division? dopamine serotonin epinephrine norepinephrine GABA

norepinephrine

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________. acetylcholine; serotonin serotonin; norepinephrine norepinephrine; serotonin dopamine; GABA glutamate; serotonin

norepinephrine; serotonin

Nicotinic receptors respond to epinephrine. respond to norepinephrine. open chemically-gated sodium ion channels. can be either excitatory or inhibitory in function. are found at synaptic junctions of the sympathetic nervous system.

open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.

Which is not a sympathetic ganglion? celiac otic inferior mesenteric superior mesenteric sacral chain

otic

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata? swallowing reflex vasomotor reflex coughing reflex cardioacceleratory reflex pupillary reflex

pupillary reflex

The conscious state is maintained by the prefrontal lobes. general interpretive area. limbic system. reticular activating system. nucleus gracilis.

reticular activating system.

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called delirium agitans. senile dementia. persistent vegetative state. somnolence of the aged. progressive cerebral dysfunction.

senile dementia.

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes. short intermediate long hyper spinal

short

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons. short; myelinated short; unmyelinated long; myelinated long; unmyelinated intermediate; small

short; myelinated

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS? skeletal muscle system cardiovascular system respiratory system digestive system urinary system

skeletal muscle system

Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following except smooth muscle. cardiac muscle. adipose tissue. glands. skeletal muscle.

skeletal muscle.

The somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscles. Name effectors of the autonomic nervous system. bone and spinal cord smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes bone and joints spinal cord and brainstem cerebrum and cerebellum

smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes bone and joints

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in all of the following locations except the midbrain. the pons. the medulla oblongata. spinal segments T1-L2. spinal segments S2-S4.

spinal segments T1-L2.

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the adrenal medulla. celiac ganglia. sympathetic chain ganglia. inferior mesenteric ganglia. splanchnic nerves.

splanchnic nerves.

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by stimulating receptors for norepinephrine. blocking acetylcholine receptors. increasing the production of GABA. stimulating serotonin receptors. mimicking the action of dopamine.

stimulating serotonin receptors.

Sympathetic postganglion fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the inferior mesenteric ganglion. cardiac plexus. celiac ganglion. sacral splanchnic nerves. superior mesenteric ganglion.

superior mesenteric ganglion.

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps." parasympathetic afferent dorsal sympathetic somatic

sympathetic

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because the parasympathetic nervous system has become activated. sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. the splanchnic nerves have become activated. somatic motor neurons have increased the heart and respiratory rate. the corticospinal pathway has become activated.

sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within intramural ganglia. collateral ganglia. sympathetic chain ganglia. suprarenal ganglia. white rami communicantes.

sympathetic chain ganglia.

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when sympathetic stimulation is increased. sympathetic stimulation is decreased. parasympathetic stimulation is increased. parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. somatomotor stimulation is increased.

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

Which of the following is correctly matched? sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers sympathetic: short preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers sympathetic: long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers parasympathetic: short preganglion and long postganglionic fibers parasympathetic: contains only preganglionic fibers

sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are sympathetic blocking agents. sympathomimetic. parasympathetic blocking agents. parasympathomimetic. autonomic blocking agents.

sympathomimetic.

Parasympathetic ganglia that are near the eyes and salivary glands are called ________ ganglia. somatic collateral contralateral intramural terminal

terminal

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories. tertiary reflexive consolidated multilobar secondary

tertiary

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity? thoracic pelvic abdominal cranial abdominopelvic

thoracic

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located? cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord sacral segments of the spinal cord brain stem thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord cerebellum

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord cerebellum

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? somatic division craniosacral division resting division thoracolumbar division lumbosacral division

thoracolumbar division

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. true only for the sympathetic nervous system. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. true only for the somatic nervous system.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. true only for the sympathetic nervous system. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. true only for the somatic nervous system.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. true only for the sympathetic nervous system. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. true only for the somatic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. true only for the sympathetic nervous system. true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. true only for the somatic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Postganglionic axons usually are myelinated. unmyelinated. larger than preganglionic fibers. located in the brain. located in the spinal cord.

unmyelinated.

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating heart failure. high blood pressure. urinary incontinence. hyperactivity. excessive sweating.

urinary incontinence.

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s). splanchnic facial vagus glossopharyngeal trigeminal

vagus

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called ganglia. receptors. varicosities. nuclei. bulbs.

varicosities.

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. You would expect to observe all of the following symptoms except diarrhea. salivation. very fast heart rate. sweating. low blood pressure.

very fast heart rate.