Chapter 15 T/F

American presidents during the Gilded Age exerted strong, effective, executive leadership.

False

As the subordination of blacks grew more rigid, American attitudes toward immigrants grew more tolerant.

False

Beginning in 1880, "new immigrants" were welcomed with open arms by the American people.

False

The Social Gospel movement concentrated on attacking individual sins such as drinking and Sabbath-breaking and saw nothing immoral about the pursuit of riches.

False

Yale professor William Graham Sumner believed that America could achieve its ideals only with fair, progressive, taxation.

False

Among the important accomplishments of Reconstruction state governments was the establishment of the South's first state-supported public schools.

True

By the 1880s, the labor situation was such that Texas cowboys went on strike for higher pay.

True

By the early 1890s, a pension system for Union soldiers and their widows and children consumed more than 40 percent of the federal budget.

True

During the second industrial revolution, wage labor became America's leading source of livelihood.

True

Government intervention was vital to the defeats of the 1892 Homestead strike and the 1894 Pullman strike.

True

In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant announced a new "peace policy" in the West.

True

In 1882 and again in 1902, the United States Congress passed laws excluding immigrants from China.

True

The Haymarket Affair resulted in the hanging of four convicted anarchists.

True

The election of 1896 is sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign, in part because of the amount of money spent—William McKinley raised some $10 million, while William Jennings Bryant raised only around $300,000.

True

The extermination of the North American bison (buffalo) drastically undermined the livelihood of the Plains Indians.

True

The most famous Indian victory in American history took place in June 1876 when General George A. Custer and his 250 men perished.

True

According to Social Darwinism, government should seek to help the poor and build an activist state to regulate the nation's corporations.

False

During the two decades following the Civil War, which were known as the golden age of the cattle kingdom, cowboys were highly paid.

False

General George Armstrong Custer's troops were victorious at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

False

In the 1880s and 1890s, blacks no longer served in the U.S. Congress.

False

In the late nineteenth century, urban workers rallied in support of Populist farmers.

False

Ironically, the Farmers' Alliance found greater support among industrial workers than among small farmers.

False

Only after Spain threatened to invade America did the United States elect to go to war.

False

Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) was a success.

False

Redeemers saved the South from the corrupt ways of Reconstruction politics and "redeemed" the South for fair and equal treatment for all Americans.

False

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading figures in the women's rights movement, were strong supporters of the Fifteenth Amendment.

False

The Black Codes were laws passed by southern Republicans to promote black rights.

False

The Fifteenth Amendment granted the vote to white women but not black women.

False

The Ku Klux Klan sought to uphold the American ideal of equality and justice for all.

False

The Reconstruction governments helped turn the South into a vibrant and successful hub of dynamic and expansive economic growth, allowing many African-Americans to escape from poverty.

False

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which banned combinations and practices that restrain free trade, proved an immediate success, both for its clarity of language and ease of enforcement.

False

The West was a remarkably homogeneous region—only in the twentieth century would it become ethnically diverse.

False

Turn-of-the-century segregation laws were passed in clear defiance of Supreme Court rulings.

False

Under Radical Reconstruction, blacks held most of the South's top elected positions.

False

While corruption was almost nonexistent in the North, it was rampant in the South.

False

With the mechanization of manufacture, skilled workers virtually disappeared from industrial America.

False

"Scalawags" were southern white Republicans

True

"Vertical integration" is defined as one company controlling every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution.

True

1915, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated the "grandfather clause" for violating the Fifteenth Amendment.

True

After emancipation, many freedwomen withdrew from work in the fields and focused their energies at home.

True

An oversupply of cotton on the world market, which led to a sharp decline in prices, contributed to a farmers' revolt and gave rise to the Populist Movement.

True

Black Americans continued to hold offices in the South into the 1890s.

True

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens argued that planters' land should be confiscated and redistributed among former slaves.

True

During Radical Reconstruction, following ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, the vast majority of eligible African-Americans registered to vote.

True

During Reconstruction, a number of state governments initiated civil rights legislation that made it illegal for railroads, hotels, and other institutions to discriminate on the basis of race.

True

During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African-Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the United States House of Representatives and two U.S. Senators.

True

In 1866, the Civil Rights Bill became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.

True

In 1873, the country was plunged into an economic depression and support among Republicans for further reforms in the South weakened.

True

In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment had not altered traditional federalism.

True

In the late 1800s, California tried to attract immigrants by advertising its pleasant climate and the availability of land, although large-scale corporate farms were coming to dominate the state's agriculture.

True

Inspired in part by President Garfield's assassination by a disappointed office seeker, the Civil

True

Like the American Federation of Labor, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was infused with the social elitism of the times.

True

Most Americans who looked to expand America's influence overseas were interested not in territorial possessions, but in expanded trade.

True

Neither of the two main political parties embraced any serious federal program to cushion citizens from poverty or unemployment.

True

On December 29, 1890, soldiers killed between 150 and 200 Indians, mostly women and children, near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota.

True

One consequence of the bitter attacks on African-Americans' political rights across the South was that by 1940, 97 percent of adult black Southerners were not registered to vote

True

Opposition to Reconstruction resulted from the distaste many southerners had for tax increases to fund public schools and other mandated improvements, and also because many white southerners could not accept black Americans voting, holding office, and enjoying equality before the law.

True

Populists in western states endorsed woman suffrage.

True

Segregation was more than a form of racial separation; it was one part of an all-encompassing system of white domination.

True

Southern Democrats raised the threat of "black rule" to justify denying blacks the right to vote.

True

Southern Populists forged notable alliances between black and white farmers.

True

The 1890s saw a widespread imposition not only of disfranchisement, but also of segregation in the South.

True

The Bargain of 1877 marked the formal end to Reconstruction.

True

The Black Codes denied black Americans the right to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias, or vote.

True

The Civil Rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the Second Reconstruction.

True

The Civil Service Act of 1883 marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing office holding from the hands of political machines.

True

The Electricity Building at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 astonished visitors and illustrated how electricity was changing the visual landscape.

True

The Knights of Labor regarded inequalities of wealth and power as a growing threat to American democracy.

True

The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866 as a social club in Tennessee and served, in effect, as a military arm of the Democratic Party.

True

The period of Radical Reconstruction began in March 1867 with Congress's adoption of the Reconstruction Act over the president's veto and ended in 1877.

True

Wage reductions were commonplace during economic downturns.

True

With the exception of some dockworkers' and mine laborers' unions, blacks were excluded from membership in the few unions that existed in the South in the late nineteenth century.

True

a show of democratic solidarity on the part of the American people, the Farmers' Alliance, especially in the southern states, welcomed black farmers into the Alliance.

True