Chapter 15: Trace Minerals
What is the Adequate Intake for manganese for adult women?
1.8 mg/day
The RDA for zinc in men is ____ milligrams.
11
The adult RDA for iodine is ______
150 μg/day
What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?
18 mg/day
When was zinc deficiency first recognized in humans?
1960s
What is the Adequate Intake for manganese for adult men?
2.3 mg/day
Select the Adequate Intake (AI) for chromium in men 19-50 years old.
35 micrograms per day
Select the Upper Level (UL) for zinc.
40 mg/day
The RDA for selenium is ___ µg/day.
55
The RDA for zinc for women is _____ milligrams.
8
The ____ for fluoride is 3 mg/day for adult women.
AI
The _____ for chromium is 25 μg/day in women 19-50 years old
AI
What is a function of manganese?
Carbohydrate metabolism
Selenium was first recognized as an essential nutrient by preventing Keshan disease in ____
China
What is a symptom of a copper toxicity?
Cirrhosis of the liver
What mineral has been used to treat diseases for at least 2000 years, but was only recognized as an essential nutrient in 1964?
Copper
What may decrease the absorption of manganese?
Fiber Copper Phytates
What is the major source of fluoride in North America?
Fluoridated tap water
What is a symptom of a chromium deficiency?
Glucose intolerance
Selenium acts as an antioxidant as part of what group of enzymes?
Glutathione peroxidase
Why is iodine unique among trace minerals?
Heaviest element needed for human health Only has 1 function
What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?
Hyperthyroidism autoimmune thyroid disease thyroid cancer
Which mineral deficiency is considered one of the greatest global health risks by the World Health Organization?
Iron
Which of the following minerals is the most widespread trace mineral deficiency in the U.S.?
Iron
__ deficiency anemia can result from a copper deficiency.
Iron
How does zinc play a possible role in the progression of the common cold?
It may shorten the duration of the cold.
What is the most nutrient-dense source of manganese?
Legumes
Although recognized as an essential trace mineral since the early 1930s, we know very little about this nutrient
Manganese
Which are good food sources of chromium?
Meat, liver, fish
In the 1960s, zinc deficiency became apparent from studies in what area of the world?
Middle East
Hemochromatosis overrides what protection the body usually has from iron toxicity?
Mucosal block
What are the symptoms of a copper toxicity?
Nausea and vomiting Neurological damage
What is a function of selenium?
Part of an antioxidant system
What appears to decrease the absorption of chromium?
Phytic acid
The _____ for iodine in adults is 150 μg/day.
RDA
What are the functions of iodine as a component of T3?
Regulation of body metabolism Brain development Macronutrient metabolism
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more.
Keshan disease can be prevented by what mineral?
Selenium
Keshan disease is associated with a deficiency of which mineral?
Selenium
What type of transport is utilized when copper is absorbed into the intestinal cells?
Simple diffusion Active transport
How does the RDA for iron for adult premenopausal woman compare to the RDA for adult men?
The RDA is higher for adult premenopausal women compared to adult men.
What is true regarding trace minerals?
They are needed in small quantities in the diet (less than 100 mg daily). They are found in minute amounts in the body (less than 5 grams).
What is the function of the superoxide dismutase enzymes?
They reduce oxidative damage to cell membranes.
After being absorbed in the small intestine, where does iodine get transported?
Thyroid gland
Chromium is a _______ mineral
Trace
The _____ for zinc is 40 mg/day
UL
Selenium balance in the body is achieved through which means?
Urinary excretion
What appears to increase absorption of chromium?
Vitamin C Low intake of chromium
What factors increase iron's bioavailability?
Vitamin C Meat protein factor Heme iron
Which three of the following micronutrient deficiencies may lead to anemia?
Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B-6 Folate Vitamin B-12 Iron Copper
The dose of zinc that has shown to be effective at shortening the duration of the common cold is ______ the Upper Level for zinc.
above
Copper is absorbed by simple diffusion and _____ transport into intestinal cells
active
Zinc deficiencies were first observed in which human population?
adolescent boys
The primary function of iron is to ____
aid in oxygen transportation
Why may fluoride not be an essential nutrient?
all basic body functions can occur without it
Manganese functions in many processes including ____
antioxidant defense collagen formation gluconeogenesis
What are the possible consequences of iodine toxicity?
autoimmune thyroid disease thyroid cancer
Select the best food source of copper.
beef liver
Which of the following are good sources of iron?
clams liverwurst fortified cereal
Deficient iodine status during pregnancy may lead to stunted growth and mental retardation in infants, a condition known as ________
cretinism
Most of the selenium in foods is bound to the amino acids ____
cysteine methionine
What are the possible functions of chromium?
enhance insulin action promote glucose uptake into cells normalize blood sugar levels
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
enhance insulin action promote glucose uptake into cells normalize blood sugar levels
The actual intake for copper usually _______ the recommended intake for the average adult.
exceeds
When the thyroid gland enlarges to absorb more iodine, this enlargement is termed a ___
goiter
The best sources of selenium include seafood, meats, cereals, and _____
grains
Iron deficiency is the cause of about ____ of all cases of anemia.
half
What are functions of iron within the human body?
immune function neurotransmitter synthesis energy metabolism
A deficiency of selenium can lead to ____
increased cancer risk thyroid disorders
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that ______
increases absorption of iron
What are the best food sources of iodine?
iodized salt seafood bread dairy seaweed
Deficiency for the mineral ______ is the most widespread nutritional deficiency in the US
iron
What may increase the absorption of manganese?
iron deficiency
Iodine is unique among trace minerals because ______
it only has one function in the body
What is true regarding copper?
it was fully recognized as an essential nutrient in 1964 it has been used to treat diseases for at least 2000 years
Which of the following are good food sources of copper?
liver shellfish nuts seed lentils soy products dark chocolate
We know less about the mineral ____ than we do about iron, zinc, or copper
manganese
Select the food sources of chromium.
meats liver fish eggs whole-grain products broccoli mushrooms dried beans nuts dark choclate
What prevents the body from absorbing excess zinc?
mucosal block
What are the symptoms of a selenium toxicity?
nausea fatigue hair loss changes in nails impairment of sulfur and protein metabolism
Select the highest source of iron
navy beans
What factors decrease iron's bioavailability?
oxalic acid and phytic acid
The absorption of fluoride occurs rapidly in the stomach and small intestine via ____.
passive diffusion
What is a symptom of a zinc deficiency?
poor wound healing
Select the functions of copper in the human body.
preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes part of enzymes regulating iron transport
Symptoms of zinc deficiency include _____
reduced sense of taste loss of appetite delayed sexual growth
What is the best food source of iodine?
saltwater seafood seawood iodized salts dairy products
Which of the following food items are the best sources of selenium?
seafood meats cereals grains
What is a symptom of a manganese deficiency?
skin rash
What are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency?
skin rash weight loss poor growth skeletal abnorm impaired carbohydrates and lipid metabolism
How can zinc supplements cause toxicity?
they override the mucosal block
which gland "traps" iodine?
thyroid gland
Select the primary function of iodine.
thyroid hormone synthesis
Excess supplementation of selenium can result in ___
toxicity
High intake of _____ in traditional Middle Eastern diets, coupled with generally low zinc intakes, resulted in symptoms of zinc deficiency that led scientists to recognize zinc as an essential nutrient in humans.
unleavened bread
What are the symptoms of a chromium deficiency?
weight loss glucose intolerance nerve damage
Good food sources of manganese are ______
whole grain cereal leafy greens nuts
Good food sources of manganese are _____
whole grain cereal nuts leafy greens
Do North American adults generally consume adequate copper in their diet?
yes