Chapter 15: Trace Minerals

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What is the Adequate Intake for manganese for adult women?

1.8 mg/day

The RDA for zinc in men is ____ milligrams.

11

The adult RDA for iodine is ______

150 μg/day

What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?

18 mg/day

When was zinc deficiency first recognized in humans?

1960s

What is the Adequate Intake for manganese for adult men?

2.3 mg/day

Select the Adequate Intake (AI) for chromium in men 19-50 years old.

35 micrograms per day

Select the Upper Level (UL) for zinc.

40 mg/day

The RDA for selenium is ___ µg/day.

55

The RDA for zinc for women is _____ milligrams.

8

The ____ for fluoride is 3 mg/day for adult women.

AI

The _____ for chromium is 25 μg/day in women 19-50 years old

AI

What is a function of manganese?

Carbohydrate metabolism

Selenium was first recognized as an essential nutrient by preventing Keshan disease in ____

China

What is a symptom of a copper toxicity?

Cirrhosis of the liver

What mineral has been used to treat diseases for at least 2000 years, but was only recognized as an essential nutrient in 1964?

Copper

What may decrease the absorption of manganese?

Fiber Copper Phytates

What is the major source of fluoride in North America?

Fluoridated tap water

What is a symptom of a chromium deficiency?

Glucose intolerance

Selenium acts as an antioxidant as part of what group of enzymes?

Glutathione peroxidase

Why is iodine unique among trace minerals?

Heaviest element needed for human health Only has 1 function

What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?

Hyperthyroidism autoimmune thyroid disease thyroid cancer

Which mineral deficiency is considered one of the greatest global health risks by the World Health Organization?

Iron

Which of the following minerals is the most widespread trace mineral deficiency in the U.S.?

Iron

__ deficiency anemia can result from a copper deficiency.

Iron

How does zinc play a possible role in the progression of the common cold?

It may shorten the duration of the cold.

What is the most nutrient-dense source of manganese?

Legumes

Although recognized as an essential trace mineral since the early 1930s, we know very little about this nutrient

Manganese

Which are good food sources of chromium?

Meat, liver, fish

In the 1960s, zinc deficiency became apparent from studies in what area of the world?

Middle East

Hemochromatosis overrides what protection the body usually has from iron toxicity?

Mucosal block

What are the symptoms of a copper toxicity?

Nausea and vomiting Neurological damage

What is a function of selenium?

Part of an antioxidant system

What appears to decrease the absorption of chromium?

Phytic acid

The _____ for iodine in adults is 150 μg/day.

RDA

What are the functions of iodine as a component of T3?

Regulation of body metabolism Brain development Macronutrient metabolism

How are trace minerals different from major minerals?

Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more.

Keshan disease can be prevented by what mineral?

Selenium

Keshan disease is associated with a deficiency of which mineral?

Selenium

What type of transport is utilized when copper is absorbed into the intestinal cells?

Simple diffusion Active transport

How does the RDA for iron for adult premenopausal woman compare to the RDA for adult men?

The RDA is higher for adult premenopausal women compared to adult men.

What is true regarding trace minerals?

They are needed in small quantities in the diet (less than 100 mg daily). They are found in minute amounts in the body (less than 5 grams).

What is the function of the superoxide dismutase enzymes?

They reduce oxidative damage to cell membranes.

After being absorbed in the small intestine, where does iodine get transported?

Thyroid gland

Chromium is a _______ mineral

Trace

The _____ for zinc is 40 mg/day

UL

Selenium balance in the body is achieved through which means?

Urinary excretion

What appears to increase absorption of chromium?

Vitamin C Low intake of chromium

What factors increase iron's bioavailability?

Vitamin C Meat protein factor Heme iron

Which three of the following micronutrient deficiencies may lead to anemia?

Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B-6 Folate Vitamin B-12 Iron Copper

The dose of zinc that has shown to be effective at shortening the duration of the common cold is ______ the Upper Level for zinc.

above

Copper is absorbed by simple diffusion and _____ transport into intestinal cells

active

Zinc deficiencies were first observed in which human population?

adolescent boys

The primary function of iron is to ____

aid in oxygen transportation

Why may fluoride not be an essential nutrient?

all basic body functions can occur without it

Manganese functions in many processes including ____

antioxidant defense collagen formation gluconeogenesis

What are the possible consequences of iodine toxicity?

autoimmune thyroid disease thyroid cancer

Select the best food source of copper.

beef liver

Which of the following are good sources of iron?

clams liverwurst fortified cereal

Deficient iodine status during pregnancy may lead to stunted growth and mental retardation in infants, a condition known as ________

cretinism

Most of the selenium in foods is bound to the amino acids ____

cysteine methionine

What are the possible functions of chromium?

enhance insulin action promote glucose uptake into cells normalize blood sugar levels

Which of the following is a function of chromium?

enhance insulin action promote glucose uptake into cells normalize blood sugar levels

The actual intake for copper usually _______ the recommended intake for the average adult.

exceeds

When the thyroid gland enlarges to absorb more iodine, this enlargement is termed a ___

goiter

The best sources of selenium include seafood, meats, cereals, and _____

grains

Iron deficiency is the cause of about ____ of all cases of anemia.

half

What are functions of iron within the human body?

immune function neurotransmitter synthesis energy metabolism

A deficiency of selenium can lead to ____

increased cancer risk thyroid disorders

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that ______

increases absorption of iron

What are the best food sources of iodine?

iodized salt seafood bread dairy seaweed

Deficiency for the mineral ______ is the most widespread nutritional deficiency in the US

iron

What may increase the absorption of manganese?

iron deficiency

Iodine is unique among trace minerals because ______

it only has one function in the body

What is true regarding copper?

it was fully recognized as an essential nutrient in 1964 it has been used to treat diseases for at least 2000 years

Which of the following are good food sources of copper?

liver shellfish nuts seed lentils soy products dark chocolate

We know less about the mineral ____ than we do about iron, zinc, or copper

manganese

Select the food sources of chromium.

meats liver fish eggs whole-grain products broccoli mushrooms dried beans nuts dark choclate

What prevents the body from absorbing excess zinc?

mucosal block

What are the symptoms of a selenium toxicity?

nausea fatigue hair loss changes in nails impairment of sulfur and protein metabolism

Select the highest source of iron

navy beans

What factors decrease iron's bioavailability?

oxalic acid and phytic acid

The absorption of fluoride occurs rapidly in the stomach and small intestine via ____.

passive diffusion

What is a symptom of a zinc deficiency?

poor wound healing

Select the functions of copper in the human body.

preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes part of enzymes regulating iron transport

Symptoms of zinc deficiency include _____

reduced sense of taste loss of appetite delayed sexual growth

What is the best food source of iodine?

saltwater seafood seawood iodized salts dairy products

Which of the following food items are the best sources of selenium?

seafood meats cereals grains

What is a symptom of a manganese deficiency?

skin rash

What are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency?

skin rash weight loss poor growth skeletal abnorm impaired carbohydrates and lipid metabolism

How can zinc supplements cause toxicity?

they override the mucosal block

which gland "traps" iodine?

thyroid gland

Select the primary function of iodine.

thyroid hormone synthesis

Excess supplementation of selenium can result in ___

toxicity

High intake of _____ in traditional Middle Eastern diets, coupled with generally low zinc intakes, resulted in symptoms of zinc deficiency that led scientists to recognize zinc as an essential nutrient in humans.

unleavened bread

What are the symptoms of a chromium deficiency?

weight loss glucose intolerance nerve damage

Good food sources of manganese are ______

whole grain cereal leafy greens nuts

Good food sources of manganese are _____

whole grain cereal nuts leafy greens

Do North American adults generally consume adequate copper in their diet?

yes


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