Chapter 16
How did the United States respond to acts of Indian aggression?
By calling upon military forces to subdue and destroy the Indians
What group established the more permanent economies in areas with mineral strikes?
Ranchers and cattle herders
The awe-in spiking qualities of the western landscape were commonly depicted by painters of the _______________________ school.
Rocky Mountain
What work by Mark Twain romanticized the Far West?
Roughing It
What was the most powerful Great Plains tribe before Anglo-American expansion to the region?
Sioux
Initially, Indians resistance to white expansion took the form of...
Small-scale raids
Indians were vulnerable to infectious disease, such as the ______________ epidemics that decimated the Pawnee in Nebraska in the 1840s.
Smallpox
What best describes the significance of completing the transcontinental railroad?
States were inspired to support construction of subsidiary lines
What group of Native Americans led a brutal revolt in New Mexico in 1847?
Taos
Why did transcontinental railroad builders prefer to hire Chinese workers?
The Chinese were unlikely to participate in organized labor
Eastern artist like Frederic Remington portrayed the West as...
The domain of a new type of aristocrat
How did the Indians generally respond to the destruction of buffalo herds?
They engaged in brutal wars with white Americans
How were commercial farmers different from independent ones?
They focused on both national and world markets
How did U.S. expansion to California affect most members of the Mexican ruling class?
They lost their land and became migrant workers
What town emerged as the rail center of the cattle kingdom?
Abilene
What states were excluded from the Union in the late 1880s because their white populations were minorities in the territories?
Arizona and New Mexico
Where did the Apaches and Navajos rank in the social hierarchy of the Spanish Southwest?
Bottom
What was the outcome of most efforts to improve Chinese working conditions on the transcontinental railroad?
Efforts failed, and the Chinese returned to work
What groups did western employers consider best suited for arduous physical labor?
Filipinos, Mexicans, and Chinese
What characteristic of cowboy life was an invention of nineteenth-century writers?
Freedom from society
The 1886 surrender of the Indians ban led by ______________ signaled the end of formal warfare between Indians and whites.
Geronimo
In 1874, prospectors discovered ________ in the Black Hills.
Gold
What best describes the attack on tribal sovereignty created by the Dawes Act?
Gradual
What contributed to the decimation of American buffalo?
Groups of gold-Rishi grants, the Army's plan to rob Indians of their livelihood, killers hired by railroad companies, and a desire for buffalo hides among white Americans
Chinese women in the West most often...
Had been sold into prostitution
What were major grievances western farmer had in the late nineteenth century?
High interest rates, inflated rail costs, and inadequate currency
What best describes the Sand Creek Massacre?
A brutal slaughter of mostly Indian women and children
Social interactions between tech Pueblos and Spanish created a complex _____________ system.
Caste
What was a provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
Chinese immigrants could not become U.S. citizens
What were major challenges to the cattle industry in the late 1880s?
Competition from other herders, overgrazing and overstocking, harsh weather, and the spread of farms
The systematic placing of Indians on reservations was known as the "___________________" policy.
Concentration
What played a major role in the decline of the western farming economy?
Crop surpluses
The spark that set off the massacre at Wounded Knee...
Is a matter of dispute
How did overproduction affect American farmers in the late nineteenth century?
It caused many farms to collapse
How did the Homestead Act encourage Western migration?
It gave settlers land in exchange for occupying it
What posed the greatest challenge to laborers in the West?
Lack of job security
What features did almost all of the Plains Indians share?
Large family networks, division of labor by gender, nature-based religion, and a council government
Many companies found more profit in mining less glamorous resources including what?
Lead, tin, quartz, and zinc
What contributed the most to agrarian malaise?
Loneliness
Why did the Indians' actions at Little Bighorn ultimately fail?
Many of the warriors disbanded and were killed or captured by U.S. troops
Where did the Pueblos rank in the social hierarchy of the Spanish Southwest?
Middle
What were reasons that many Chinese entered the laundry business?
Most laundry did not require extensive English skills and laundries did not require much start-up money
What were explicit responsibilities of the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
Overseeing supply shipments, parceling our land, and paying federal money to Indians
Most of the organizations that controlled Chinatowns in the West were...
Powerful merchant groups
How did the role of Mexicans change in the late-nineteenth-century New Mexico?
They were forced into low-paying labor jobs
During the Anglo-American settlement of California, how did californios in the South fare compared to those in the North?
Those involved in the cattle business initially thrived
What was the ultimate goal of the Dawes Act?
To assimilate Indians to American culture
Where did the Mexicans rank in the social hierarchy of the Spanish Southwest?
Top
What best describes western farmers' attempts to cope with water shortages?
Unrelenting
Why did white opinion of Chinese immigrants change during the 1850s?
Whites became jealous of the Chinese who prospered, especially in the gold mines
