Chapter 16 Lifecycle

Currently fluoride supplementation is not recommended for infants younger than ___ months of age

6

The amount of protein in human milk is adequate for the first __ months of the infant's life even though the amount of protein in human milk is considerably less than in infant formula

6

The ADA and the AAP support exclusive breast-feeding for the first __ months of life and breast-feeding supplemented by weaning foods for at least __ months

6; 12

Infants lose about ___ % of their body weight during the first few days of life, but their birth weight is usually gained by the _____ day

6; 7th to 10th

The manufacture of infant formulas is regulated by the ___ through the infant formula act. By law, infant formulas are required to have a ____ that is consistent with these guidelines

FDA; nutrient label

The recommended total water intake for infants, based on the DRIs, is ___ L/day for infants up to 6 months and __ L/day for infants 7 to 12 months of age

7;8

many infants born at or below the tenth percentile for length may not reach their genetically appropriate growth channel until 1 year of age; this is called _____

catch up growth

Infant formulas should be prepared in a ___ environment. All equipment, including ___, nipples, mixers, and the top of the can of formula should be washed thoroughly

clean, bottles

Botulism in infancy is caused by the ingestion of _________ spores, which germinate and produce toxin in the _____ lumen

clostridium botulinum; bowel

Human milk and ___ contain antibodies and anti-infective factors that are not present in infant formulas; breastfeeding must be maintained until the infant is at least __ of age to obtain the benefit of protecting the infant's immature gut from infection

colostrum; 3 months

If a child refuses to eat, the family meal should be completed without ___, and the plate should be removed

comment

After tooth eruption it is recommended that fluoridated water be offered several times per day to breast-fed infants, those who receive ___ milk, and those fed formulas made with water that contains less than ___ mg of fluoride/L

cows; 0.3

Many infants begin the process of weaning with the introduction of the __________ at ~6-9 months of age and complete the process when they are able to ingest an adequate amount of milk from a cup at ______________ months of age.

cup, 18 to 24

One to three month old satiety behaviors include

drawing the head away from the nipple, falling asleep, smiling, when nipple is reinserted- closes lips tightly, bites nipples, purses lips or smiles and lets go

At the beginning of a meal, children are hungry and should be allowed to ____________________________; when they become tired, they can be helped quietly.

feed themselves

Older infants generally reject unfamiliar foods the _____________ time they are offered.

first

Human milk has a very low ___ content

fluoride

children should not be ____; instead, the cause for the unwillingness to eat should be determined

forced to eat

Foods with skins or rinds and foods that stick to the roof of the mouth (hot dogs, ___, bread with ___) may cause choking and should not be offered to young infants

grapes, peanut butter

Most infants who are genetically determined to be larger reach their _______, a curve of weight and length of height gain throughout the period of growth, between 3 and 6 months of age

growth channel

Cow's milk is a poor source of ___________ and should not be given before 12 months of age.

iron

Full-term infants are considered to have adequate stores of ____ for growth up to a doubling of their birth weight

iron

ready-to-serve dry infant cereals are fortified with electrolytically reduced ___ for improved absorption

iron

infants who are fed whole cow's milk have been found to have lower intakes of ___, linoleic acid, and vitamin E and excessive intake of ___, potassium, and protein. Cow's milk may cause a small amount of gastrointestinal ____

iron, sodium, blood loss

Larger infants at birth who are genetically determined to be smaller grow at their fetal rate for several months and often do not reach their growth channel until 13 months of age; this is called _______ growth

lag down

Human milk contains a generous amount of the essential fatty acids ____ acid and ___ acid, as well as the longer-chain derivatives arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Some studies suggest DHA and ARA benefit ___ acuity and ___ development of an infant

linolinic; alphalinolice; eyesight/brain; physical

__________________________ heating is not recommended because of the risk of burns from formula that is too hot or unevenly heated.

microwave

Between 4 and 6 months of age, when the mature sucking movement is refined and ___ movements (up and down chopping motions) begin, the introduction of strained foods is appropriate

munching

four to six month old satiety behaviors include

releasing nipple and withdrawing head, fussing or crying, obstructs mouth with hands, pay more attention to surroundings, bits nipple

The much higher protein and ash content of cow's milk results in a higher ____, or amount of nitrogenous waste and minerals that must be excreted by the kidney

renal solute load

For the prevention of ___ and vitamin D deficiency, the AAP recommends a vitamin D supplement for all breast-fed infants and for formula-fed infants who consume less than ___ ml/day of vitamin D-fortified formula

rickets; 1000

______ is the predominant immunoglobulin in himan milk, plays a role in protecting the infant's immature gut from infection.

secretory immuoglobulin A

in general, children prefer ____, ____ foods

simple, uncomplicated

Early childhood carries are common among infants and children who are allowed to bathe their teeth in ____ throughout the day and night

sugar (sucrose/lactose)

Commercially prepared infant formulas are fortified with all necessary vitamins; therefore formula-fed infants rarely need ____

supplements

A ____ (not heaping) of each food for each year of age is a good guide for serving size

tablespoon

What is rickets?

the softening and weakening of bones in children

Soy products designed to meet all nutrient needs are recommended for 1. children in ___ families 2. children with ___ or primary lactose deficiency/secondary lactose intolerance, and 3. infants who may be allergic to cow's milk protein

vegetarian, glactosemia

Milk from lactating mothers who follow a strict vegan diet may be _______________ deficient.

vitamin B12

Breast-fed infants need an additional ___ supplementation shortly after birth and ___ at 4 months of age

vitamin D; iron

Many states require that infants receive an injection of ____ as a prophylactic measure while they are in the nursery

vitamin K

Because the renal concentrating capacity of young infants may be less than that of older children and adults, they may be vulnerable to developing a ______. This can be caused by boiling ____, vomiting, and diarrhea

water imbalance; formula

Home-prepared foods are generally more concentrated in nutrients than commercially prepared foods because less __________ is used. Salt and _________________ should not be added to foods prepared for infants.

water, sugar

In the last 6 months of the first year, diets of infants should be supplemented with additional sources of high-quality protein such as _, strained meats, or cereal mixed with formula or ____

yogurts, human milk

Newborn infants are immediately dependent on a dietary source of ___, which is better absorbed from human milk than from infant formula

zinc

Initially infants should be fed every ___ hours; by 4 weeks of age most feed ___ hours

2-3, every 4

At 1 year infants eat ____ the amount an adult normally consumes

1/3-1/2

The stomach capacity of infants increases from a range of ___ ml at birth to ____ ml by 1 year, enabling infants to consume more food at a given time and at less frequent intervals as they grow older

10-20; 200

Low fat (1-2%) and nonfat milk are also inappropriate for infants during the first ______________ months of life due to the excessive amount of __________________ and decreased amount of _____________________________________.(382)

12 months, proteins, essential fatty acids

Breast-fed infants retain ____ of their calcium intake

2/3

The current recommendation for infants younger than 1 year of age is to consume a minimum of ___ of fat per day

30g

Iron in human milk is highly bio-available; however, breast-fed and formula-fed infants should receive an additional source of iron by ___ months of age

4 to 6

Infants usually double their birth weight by ____ months of age and triple it by the age of _____

4 to 6; 1 year

At ____ months of age, infants who are fed only human milk are at risk for developing a negative iron balance and may deplete their reserves by ____ months

4 to 6; 6 to 9

Juice should be limited to ____ oz/day for infants and young children and offered to children only from a cup

4-6

_________ and corn syrup should not be fed to infants younger than 1 year of age because they have not yet developed the immunity required to resist botulism spore development

Honey

____ is unquestionably the food for choice for the infant

Human milk

Vitamin ____ deficiency may result in bleeding or hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

K

_____ produces an acidic GI environment that interferes with the growth of certain pathogenic organisms

Lactobacillus bifidus

____ deprives bacteria of iron and thus slows their growth

Lactoferrin

Full term infants who are breast-fed to satiety and infants who are fed a standard 20-kcal/oz formula generally adjust their intake to meet their __ needs when caregivers are sensitive to the infant's hunger and satiety cues

energy

Young children should eat their meals at the ____; it gives them an opportunity to learn table ____ while enjoying meals with a family group. Sharing the family fare strengthens ___ and makes mealtimes pleasant

family table; manners; ties

regardless of whether infants are breast-fed or formula fed, they should be ___ and ___ during feedings

held, cuddled

Protein requirements during the rapid growth of infancy are ___ per kg of weight than those for adults or older children

higher

A mother should be encouraged to nurse her infant ___________________ after birth

immediately

____, not adults, should establish the feeding schedules

infants

it is important that ___ ingredient food be introduced at a time

one single

Infants may not receive adequate ____________ if their formula is excessively diluted for a long period of time. (376)

protein

between 9 and 18 months of age most ___ their breast-milk or formula intake. They can become ___ about what and how much they eat

reduce, finicky