chapter 16--lymphatic system and immunity

type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and that matures in the thymus?

T cells

list three cell types found in lymphatic tissue.

T cells. B cells. macrophages.

lymph flow from tissue to subclavian vein.

lymphatic capillaries. afferent lymphatic vessel. lymph node. efferent lymphatic vessel. lymphatic trunk. collecting duct.

within the cortex of the lymph nodes are clusters of lymphatic cells. these clusters are called __________.

lymphatic nodules

two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are __________ and macrophages.

lymphocytes

two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered?

lymphocytes. macrophages.

which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?

lymphocytes. macrophages.

three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulin called IgG.

activates complement proteins. effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins. can cross the placenta.

B lymphocytes encounter the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. what is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor?

activation of B cell

what immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, and lysis of the pathogen?

activation of complement

phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called __________ engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered.

macrophages

what cell type functions to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris as lymph is being filtered by lymph nodes?

macrophages

which cell type found in tissues begins as monocyte in the blood?

macrophages

lymphatic vessels that carry lymph into a lymph node are called __________ vessels. they enter the lymph node __________.

afferent; on convex surface.

the type of antigen that triggers an allergic reaction is called __________.

allergen

the class of immunoglobulin called IgE is involved with what?

allergic reactions

proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called __________.

antibodies

any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) __________.

antigen

T cell activation requires that targeted antigens have been processed (phagocytosis and digested) and then attached to the surface of a cell type called __________ cells.

antigen-presenting

pain

appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection

exposure to a vaccine that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity?

artificially acquired active immunity

antibodies that attack "self" cells and tissues are called __________.

autoantibodies

heat

blood enters area from deeper body parts

lymphatic system

body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens

edema/swelling

capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability (leakiness)

name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens.

mechanical barriers--skin and mucous membrane. adaptive (specific) defenses. nonspecific defenses--chemical barriers and interferons.

T cells that do not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure are called __________.

memory T cells

three reasons why a given species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species ("species resistance")?

cells/tissues lack chemical environment that a particular pathogen requires. cells/tissues lack temperature that a particular pathogen requires. cells/tissues lack receptors that a particular pathogen requires.

one branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch called __________ immunity, used cells for immune attack

cellular

activated T cells are responsible for the __________ immune response.

cellular (cell-mediated)

what nervous system lacks lymph nodes?

central nervous system.

lymphatic capillaries are __________.

closed-ended vessels

lymph from lymphatic trunks empties into the one of the two __________.

collecting ducts

lymphatic nodules

compact masses of lymphatic tissue

adaptive (specific) defense

different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen.

pathogen

disease-causing agent

excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called __________.

edema

obstruction of lymphatic vessels will likely lead to what condition?

edema in the tissues

list four cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation.

edema. redness. heat. pain.

thymus gland

encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to and posterior to the sternum

thymus and spleen are examples of what?

encapsulated lymphatic organs

true or false--all of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced by the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).

false

true or false--intestinal trunk drains both the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs

false

true or false--within the tissues, the pressure within blood capillaries is responsible for filtering large molecules and blood cells out of the capillaries.

false

an innate defense mechanism called __________ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature.

fever

hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a __________ line of defense against pathogens.

first

areas of B cell proliferation within the cortex of lymph nodes are called __________.

germinal centers

redness

greater blood volume enters due to vasodilation

what type of cell releases cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells?

helper T cell

relationship between B cells and T cells?

helper T cells are often required to fully activate B cells

hydrostatic pressure outside of lymphatic capillaries must be __________ than the pressure inside in order for fluid to move into the lymphatic capillaries.

higher

indented region of a lymph node?

hilum

three characteristics of interferon

hormone-like peptides. produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts. block viral replication.

antibody-mediated immune response is also known as the __________ immune response.

humoral

what type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?

humoral immune response

term for an exaggerated immune response to a non-harmful antigen?

hypersensitivity

upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of __________ occurs first, leading to redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

inflammation

vaccine

injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity

which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?

interferon

two characteristics of antigens.

molecules that can trigger an immune response. can be proteins, carbohydrates or glycolipids.

two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are __________ and __________.

mucosa; skin

example of first line of defense of innate immunity?

mucous membranes

exposure to a live pathogen that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity?

naturally acquired active immunity

immunity acquired by a baby due to the transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via the placenta and/or breast milk is what type of immunity?

naturally acquired passive immunity

normally, an immune response occurs in response to the presence of __________ antigens.

non-self

two statements that describe lymphocyte production.

occurs in red bone marrow. occurs throughout life.

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa sometimes cause disease. therefore, they are classified as __________.

pathogens

function of antigen-presenting cells?

phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface

process by which a cell removes and destroys foreign particles from fluid (blood, lymph, or interstitial fluid) is called __________.

phagocytosis

three functions associated with the spleen?

phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in blood. destruction of old and fragile red blood cells. filtration of blood.

term for the activation of B cells or T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen?

primary immune response

type of immune response is slower to produce antibodies upon exposure to antigens?

primary immune response

as a B cell is activated, it __________, forming __________.

proliferates; clone

innate (nonspecific) defense

protect against many pathogens, regardless of pathogen type.

two descriptions of antibodies.

proteins that bind to antigens. produced by plasma cells.

by what means does artificially acquired passive immunity occur?

receiving antibodies (via injection) produced by another individual

where do B lymphocytes mature?

red bone marrow

name the tissue within the spleen that surrounds venous sinuses and contains numerous red blood cells (along with lymphocytes and macrophages).

red pulp

drains into right lymphatic duct

right side of head/neck. right upper limb. right side of thorax.

right lymphatic duct receives lymph from which lymphatic trunks?

right subclavian trunk. right jugular trunk.

memory B cells and memory T cells respond to antigens during a __________ immune response.

secondary

during a __________ immune response, antibodies are produced more rapidly than during a __________ immune response.

secondary; primary

in autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks __________.

self antigens

role of thymus in lymphatic system and in immune responses?

site of T lymphocyte maturation

acts a mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body?

skin

what is a role of helper T cells?

stimulate B cells to make antibodies

lymph from the upper limb is drained by the __________ trunk.

subclavian

throacic duct empties into the left __________ vein.

subclavian

right lymphatic duct empties into the right __________.

subclavian vein

cytotoxic T lymphocytes target __________ and __________, and destroy them.

tumor cells. viral-infected cells.

structure that prevents the back flow of lymph in the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels?

valves

collecting ducts empty into __________, returning the fluid from the interstitium back to the blood circulation.

veins

at the tissues, which two substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure in blood capillaries?

water. small molecules.

drains into the thoracic duct

left side of head/neck. abdomen. left lower limb. left upper limb. right lower limb.

role of fever in innate defense is to make the body __________ hospitable to certain pathogens.

less

cervical lymph nodes

located deep to the mandible, and near the ears

inguinal lymph nodes

located in the groin

supratrochlear lymph nodes

located near the elbow

axillary lymph nodes

located under the shoulder

__________ trunk receives lymph drainage from the lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, and the pelvic organs.

lumbar

fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called __________.

lymph

lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called __________ __________.

lymph nodes

what structure functions to filter lymph?

lymph nodes

two locations where B cells and T cells can be found.

lymph nodes. spleen.

in addition to circulating in the blood, T cells and B cells reside in the __________ tissues and organs.

lymphatic

what type of lymphatic vessel is found interwoven with blood capillaries?

lymphatic capillaries

which component of the lymphatic pathway has walls that are comprised of only simple squamous epithelium?

lymphatic capillaries

which vessel type is made up of epithelial cells that overlap, forming one-way valves that easily allow fluid to enter, but not exit?

lymphatic capillaries

danger with tissue or organ __________ is that the recipient's immune response may recognize the donor's cells as foreign and attempt to destroy them.

transplant

leukocytes called __________ lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their maturation.

B

type __________ hypersensitivity is more commonly referred to as allergy.

I

in a type I hypersensitivity reaction, the antibodies that are made against the allergen are the class __________. these immunoglobulins attach to the surfaces of mast cells and basophils

IgE

true or false--lymph nodes are encapsulated lymphatic organs.

true

which collecting duct is associated with the cisterna chyli?

thoracic duct

some of the precursors to lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and travel to the lymphatic organ called the __________ gland, where they specialize into T lymphocytes.

thymus

which gland functions in immunity?

thymus

Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid a __________ after transplantation.

tissue rejection reaction

what is the function of the variable region of an antibody molecule?

to bind antigens

function of lacteal?

tp absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food