chapter 16 m

What was the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia

. The fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to spread knowledge and new ideas, making Enlightenment thought accessible to a wide range of people.

What were the enlightened policies of Frederick II?

1. Frederick II allowed for religious freedom, and promoted education by improving Prussia's schools and allowing scholars to publish their findings. He also reformed the legal system by simplifying Prussia's laws, abolishing torture, and having judges decide cases quickly and impartially. He also promoted economic growth through the reconstruction of agriculture and industry.

What is the idea of the 'public sphere' that emerged during the Enlightenment?

10. The 'public sphere' was an idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics. Coffeehouses, Masonic lodges, and newspapers all played a role in creating this new public sphere.

What were Maria Theresa's policies toward the peasants?

2. Maria Theresa reduced the power of lords over their serfs and partially free peasants as she sought to improve the lot of the agricultural population.

What is 'Cartesian dualism'?

3. Cartesian Dualism is "matter" and "mind," in which "matter" is physical and can be seen, while "mind" is unseen and is often related to the soul.

Why did Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments fail?

3. It was violently rejected by the noble, but also the peasants because they lacked the necessary cash.

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

3. The reading revolution was a time in Europe when society transitioned from reading being mainly patriarchal, and communal, and texts were religious, to a time when literacy was common and reading material became diverse and broad. The production and consumption of books growing so significantly spread ideas and knowledge and thus contributed to spreading the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

What is 'cameralism?'

4. Cameralism is a view that monarchy was the best form of government, and that all of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good. Frederick the Great of Prussia drew on the principles of cameralism in reforming Prussia's bureaucracy.

How would you characterize the role of women in the new science?

4. Women were often excluded from the scientific community, except for in Italy, where they were sometimes allowed to join universities and study.

What were the major goals of Catherine the Great?

5. Catherine the Great wanted to bring western culture to Russia. She was also a great supporter of the philosophes. She also pursued domestic reform; she restricted torture, and allowed limited religious toleration. She also tried to improve education and strengthen local government.

What were Rousseau's views on women in society?

5. The French philosopher Rousseau believed that women's "natural" passivity made them subordinate in society. Other thinkers used this idea to explain that non-Europeans "natural" inferiority to Europeans made slavery just. The new powers of science and reason were used to defend traditional stereotypes.

What did Madame du Chatelet believe about women's contribution to science?

7. Madame du Chatelet studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations, including the first and only translation of Newton's Principia into French. After being excluded from the Royal Academy of Sciences because she was a woman, she had no doubt that women's limited role in science was due to their unequal education. She believed women should be able to participate in all the rights of humankind, especially those of intellect.

What did Pierre Bayle demonstrate in his Historical and Critical Dictionary?

9. Bayle, a French Protestant, critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697). He demonstrated that human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken, and he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt,a view known as skepticism.

What was Copernicus's contribution to the Scientific Revolution?

Copernicus brought the heliocentric view back to the light after it had been hidden since the time of ancient Greece. His book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" collected his numerous hypotheses and shared them with the world after his death.

What is the discipline of natural philosophy focused on?

Francis Bacon formulated empirical knowledge and inductive reasoning which needed data and evidence to be proven.

What did Locke claim in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

In Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), he set forth a new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas, insisting all ideas derive from experience. He claimed everyone was born with a blank slate and the environment affected an individual's understanding and beliefs. Locke's essay contributed to the theory of sensationalism, or the idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.

What were Kepler's contributions to the heliocentric theory?

Kepler synthesized Brahe's work and came up with 3 hypotheses: that orbits are elliptical, that orbits vary in speed, and that the speed of an orbit is faster when the orbiting planet is closer to the sun.

How did Newton synthesize the primary findings of the Scientific Revolution?

Newton used Kepler's findings about varying orbit speeds and Galileo's law of inertia, as well as general discoveries about the shape of the universe, to postulate the law of universal gravitation

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The overriding idea of the Enlightenment was that natural science and reason can explain all aspects of life. Other ideas of the Enlightenment included that the scientific method can explain the laws of nature, in which people began applying ideas of the Scientific Revolution to societal problems, and that progress is possible if the laws are understood and followed.

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

The primary goal of Galileo's experimental method was to find the true answers to questions by relying on evidence gathered through experimentation rather than simple mathematics and theories.

What was Andreas Vesalius's contribution to this history?

Vesalius contributed to the understanding of human anatomy.

What are the origins of the Scientific Revolution according to the text?

origins of the scientific revolution include medieval universities, Islamic knowledge, and advancing technology.

What is the Aristotelian view of the universe?

the Aristotelian view of the universe is geocentric, with the earth surrounded by crystal spheres. There were four elements.

How would you characterize the 'rococo' style of this period?

the rococo style was a popular style from 1720-1780 in Europe, and it emphasized soft colors and ornate interiors. They style included sentimental portraits and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids