Chapter 16 Managment

Surveys by Gallup show that employee engagement in the United States has been steadily increasing since 2013, yet _____ of employees surveyed in early 2016 were identified as not engaged and _____ were actively disengaged.

49.5 percent; 16.5 percent

_____ exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs.

A state of equity

According to equity theory, when inequitable pay puts pressure on employees that is sometimes almost too great to bear, they will:

All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is NOT an important aspect of the making progress principle?

An individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments, but also from the person's observations of other people's behavior.

In a model for motivation, all of the following would be considered needs EXCEPT:

techniques

According to _____, an individual's motivation can result not just from thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other people's behavior but also from direct experience.

the social learning theory

Expectancy theory is concerned with:

the thinking process that individuals use to achieve rewards

In increasing empowerment of employees, companies use _____ to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to organizational performance.

training programs and other development tool

Research shows that empowerment:

typically increases employee satisfaction, motivation, and productivity.

The three elements that create employee engagement include all of the following EXCEPT a sense of:

valence.

Because of circumstances at work, Bailey has failed to qualify for the employer's full tuition grant that would allow her to complete a master's degree in human resources. She is disappointed and has spent more effort at work cooperating with coworkers rather than finding ways to work with managers. How would the ERG theory summarize this situation?

Bailey was unable to fulfill a need for personal growth and so reverted to a lower-order need and redirected efforts toward more satisfactory work relationships.

_____ is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to change human behavior.

Behavior modification

The head of the department believes that bonuses are the way to motivate employees to be more productive. After three months of providing cash bonuses to those who exceed their quotas by a certain percentage, productivity has not improved as much as the department manager expected. Which of the following best explains this result?

Bonuses have little valence for many of the employees

The _____ identified three categories of needs—existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs—in an effort to simplify Maslow's theory and respond to criticisms of its lack of empirical verification.

ERG theory

_____ is found in the ERG theory and reflected in situations in which failure to meet a high-order need

The frustration-regression principle

Which of the following factors increases the effectiveness of incentive programs as a way to motivate employees to higher levels of performance?

They are combined with motivational ideas that meet higher-level needs.

Which of the following would NOT be considered one of the reinforcement theories of motivation?

Two-factor theory

Which of the following is a negative extrinsic approach to motivating people?

Using threats

At any point in time, people have a variety of needs. To design reward systems to meet these needs and direct employees' energies and priorities toward attaining organizational goals, managers use _____, which emphasize the needs that motivate people.

content theories

The job characteristics model is a model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals' ______, and employee _____.

critical psychological states; growth-need strength

Kyle and Reese enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions. They contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. Kyle and Reese are experiencing a high level of:

employee engagement.

The most effective motivational programs typically involve much more than money or other extrinsic rewards in order to create an environment in which people thrive. Three important approaches toward this goal are:

empowerment, engagement, and making progress.

Karam and Duri have been working as computer programmers at the same company for three years. Duri finds out that Karam has negotiated larger pay raises over the past year based on classes taken at the local college even though both employees work on the same projects. He is not happy and decreases effort on those projects. His actions are explained by:

equity theory.

"Motivation depends on individuals' beliefs and opportunities regarding their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards." This statement is central to the:

expectancy theory.

The job characteristics model posits that core job dimensions are more rewarding when individuals experience three psychological states in response to job design. If Santana wants to design jobs in which individuals can experience greater motivation and satisfaction, Santana would use skill variety, task identity, and task significance to influence the employee's psychological state of:

experienced meaningfulness of work.

The reinforcement tool of _____ reduces the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated, whereas _____ increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

extinction; avoidance learning

After Jamie successfully completed a long and difficult assignment, the professor rewarded her effort with an A grade. The A grade informs Jamie that the behavior (completing the assignment) was done well and the same actions will bring the same result in the future. The A grade in this situation acts as:

feedback

Brogan's manager consistently informs all employees how they are doing and what they can to do change work performance to increase desired outcomes. Providing this ____ helps in the critical psychological state of _____.

feedback; knowledge of actual results

The key components of goal-setting theory include:

goal specificity, goal difficulty, and goal acceptance.

Abraham Maslow's theory proposes that people are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs exist in a specific order. This theory is known as Maslow's:

hierarchy of needs.

In the two-factor theory, _____ focus(es) on lower-level needs and involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, whereas _____ influence(s) job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement and opportunities for personal growth.

hygiene factors; motivators

Vicarious learning is similar in principle to a new employee's:

on-the-job training.

Process theories explain how:

people select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.

The five categories in Maslow's hierarchy are, in order:

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Employees who forget to clock in when they first arrive at work must fill out a long form about why they didn't clock in and get it signed by at least one coworker and their manager before the payroll department will issue pay for that day. This approach to decreasing the number of employees who don't clock in would be an example of:

positive extrinsic motivation.

Dana uses intrinsic management methods to get people to perform as desired. These methods would include:

providing a daily "update" through in-house social media on how employees' work is affecting people who are buying the company's products.

As a manager, Mason sends a note to any employee observed helping a coworker in a positive way, thanking them for their work in contributing to the work environment and whatever project they are working on. Which of the following forms of reinforcement is Mason using?

Positive reinforcement

Blair notices that Rusty typically arrives late at every meeting. Blair would like Rusty to be on time so he confronts him after the meeting with these words, "You must be on time to meetings. I am placing a reprimand in your employment file. Three reprimands and you will be terminated." Which of the following reinforcement tools is Blair using?

Punishment

Which of the following perspectives on motivation focuses on changing or modifying employees' on-the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments?

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following leaders is the most likely to be successful as a motivator?

Rill, who understand the motives that compel people to initiate, alter, or continue a desired behavior

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy would have to be met first before a person can work on satisfying the others?

Safety needs

Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model identified five dimensions that determine a job's motivational potential. Which of the following core dimensions is the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending?

Task identity

Which of the following lists the five dimensions that Hackman and Oldham identified that determine a job's motivational potential?

Task identity, task significance, autonomy, skill variety, and feedback

Which of the following developed the two-factor theory of motivation?

F. Herzberg

As part of the ERG theory, meeting employee needs helps keep motivation high. Which of the following would be considered a great high-level motivator?

Flexibility

Manager Bo sits down with Employee Rio to set specific sales goals for the coming quarter. Bo and Rio agree that setting goals that are somewhat above those for the same quarter of the previous year will motivate Rio. Which of the following are Bo and Rio employing in this scenario?

Goal setting

Which of the following is not an element of Locke and Latham's goal-setting theory?

In terms of goal difficulty, easy goals are more motivating than difficult ones.

Chris discovers that several coworkers hired at the same time earn a lower salary than he does. Based on the equity theory, which of the following actions would Chris most likely take?

Increase work effort to merit the larger salary.

_____ rewards are the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action, while _____ rewards are given by another person, typically a manager, and include promotions, praise, and pay increases.

Intrinsic; extrinsic

Which of the following statements about jobs is true?

Managers need to know what aspects of a job provide motivation in order to improve productivity and satisfaction.

Which of the following statements about employee engagement is true?

Managers promote engagement by giving people the chance to work on challenging projects, offering high-quality training and learning programs, and providing opportunities for advancement within the organization.

Which of the following statements about acquired needs is true?

Managers with a high need for achievement but a low need for power tended to peak earlier in their careers and at a lower level.

In a simple model of motivation, which of the following lists the three phases, in order, that occur before feedback?

Need, behavior, rewards

Which of the following examples uses the reinforcement tool of extinction?

When on employee takes the last cup of coffee but doesn't make more in the department pot, the rest of the department members ignore that employee, but then the employee does make a fresh pot so the other employees praise that action.

Which of the following would be most likely to respond favorably to the application of the job characteristics model and to improvements in core job dimensions?

Wiley, who has a high need to grow and expand personal abilities

Which of the following is not among the four reinforcement tools used to modify human behavior?

Work redesign

Throughout childhood, Mikko and Izzy were encouraged to do things for themselves and received reinforcement by their parents and other adults around them. Based on this information, Mikko and Izzy most likely acquired the need for:

achievement.

In learning about behavior modification, Pat has come to understand that the law of effect means:

behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated.

At work, Dorian is a member of team that works well together and supports each other. Away from work, she is a member of a softball team that plays once a week, regularly has dinner with a group of friends, and often gets together with siblings and their families. In these ways, Dorian is effectively meeting:

belongingness needs.

Effective managers want people to receive _____ rewards to meet their needs.

both extrinsic and intrinsic

Managers who use the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction are attending to:

job design.

As a new manager for a struggling production department, one of Alexis's priorities is to alter jobs in the department to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity. Alexis will be engaged in

job redesign.

The _____ is the idea that the single most important factor that can boost motivation, positive emotions, and perceptions during a workday is making progress toward meaningful goals.

making progress principle

All people have forces either within or external to them that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. That force is called:

motivation.