chapter 16 (microbiology)
Match each blood type with the antibodies that they contain.
A = Anti-B B = Anti-A AB = Neither anti-A or anti-B O = Both anti-A or anti-B
The most common secondary immune deficiency is ______.
AIDS
Any substance that provokes an allergic response is referred to as a(n) _____
Allergen
A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is known as _________.
Allergic Rhinitis
Which of the following is the term used to describe a severe allergic reaction that can lead to severe respiratory and cardiac complications?
Anaphylaxis
____ is the unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to antigen that leads to severe respiratory and cardiac complications.
Anaphylaxis
Which of the following are allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis? Multiple select question. Antibiotic injections Pet dander Bee venom Wheat and other grains
Antibiotic injections Bee venom Reason: Bee venom, antibiotic injections, and serum injections are most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis.
Which of the following is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction?
Asthma
Type ____ blood contains no anti-A or anti-B antibodies whereas type ____ blood contains both types.
Blank 1: AB Blank 2: O
Cancer can be both a(n) ________ and a(n) ________ of an immune dysfunction.
Blank 1: cause Blank 2: effect
____ is the name given to any cell type which appears to replicate in an uncontrolled manner.
Cancer, Cancers, or Neoplasm
Which of the following are pathological components of asthma? Multiple select question. Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage Chronic inflammation of respiratory tract Underlying neurological depression Thickened mucus in alveoli Imbalance in nervous control of smooth muscle
Chronic inflammation of respiratory tract Thickened mucus in alveoli Imbalance in nervous control of smooth muscle
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of histamine? Increased intestinal motility Dilation of smooth muscle Intense itching Wheal-and-flare reaction Constriction of smooth muscle Constriction of blood vessels
Constriction of blood vessels
What causes the signs/symptoms of allergy?
Effects of mast cell mediators on targets
In drug allergies, the actual allergen is not the intact drug itself, but a(n) _____ that is given off during liver processing of the drug.
Hapten
____ is a name given to compounds too small to be detected by the immune system, however, they can bind to other structures, which results in immune detection. Poison ivy is an example of this in some people.
Hapten or Haptens
Some molecules, called ________, are not large enough to trigger an allergic reaction on their own only become allergens when attached to a carrier protein.
Haptens
________________ is a form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages.
Hay fever or (allergic rhinitis)
____ disease of the newborn is a condition in which complement-mediated lysis of the red blood cells occurs when antibodies bind to red blood cell antigens.
Hemolytic
_____ involves normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental.
Hypersensitivity, Overreactivity, or Allergy
The intended effect of oral anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. corticosteroids) is to inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in the production of ____.
IgE
____ is the immunoglobulin class which is most often associated with histamine release.
IgE (immunoglobulin E)
What name is given to diseases that result from an incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed immune system?
Immunodeficiency disease
Which of the following does NOT occur in the second encounter with an allergen? Multiple choice question. Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells Mast cells degranulate Massive amounts of cytokines are released Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes Signs/symptoms appear
Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes
What is the immediate and intended effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like the corticosteroids?
Inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in IgE
Why is the first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually unaffected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Maternal sensitization is usually not completed before birth.
Which of the following is NOT a predominant consequence of immunodeficiency?
Mental deterioration
Which type of immunodeficiency disease is present at birth?
Primary
Which of the following is NOT a pathological component of asthma? Multiple choice question. Chronic inflammation of respiratory tract Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage Thickened mucus in alveoli Imbalance in nervous control of smooth muscle
Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage
Which of the following is NOT a pathological component of asthma? Thickened mucus in alveoli Chronic inflammation of respiratory tract Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage Imbalance in nervous control of smooth muscle
Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage
Subsequent encounters with the same allergen are referred to as _____ doses.
Provocative
The subsequent exposure to an allergen that triggers an allergic reaction is called a(n) ________.
Provocative dose
Which of the following is not a method used to prevent type I allergic reactions? Multiple choice question. Drug therapy Avoiding the allergen Desensitization therapy Removal of the thymus gland
Removal of the thymus gland
If the mother does not receive treatment, why is the second Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?
The mother's immune system has been primed for a second contact.
A person with Type O blood has neither A or B antigens on their RBCs and can donate to any other blood type, and therefore would be referred to as a(n) ____ ____.
Universal Donor
Which of the following is not a source of allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis? Multiple choice question. Wheat and other grains Bee venom Serum injection Antibiotic injections
Wheat and other grains
A small amount of _______ extract is injected, scratched, or pricked into a patient's skin to determine atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities.
allergen
A typical allergy skin test involves the sub-dermal injection of suspected ____ followed by observation for inflammation.
allergen
A(n) ________ is a foreign substance that provokes an allergic response.
allergen
A drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment is a(n) ____.
antihistamine
________ is defined as a localized allergic reaction classified as type I involving IgE antibody; includes symptoms of hay fever, asthma, and skin rash.
atopy
The pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens is called a(n) ________.
autoimmune disease
IgE is associated with the allergic response because the Fc region binds to ________ and _________.
basophils mast cells
Cancer can be a(n) ________ of immune dysfunction.
cause or effect
The drug ________ rapidly reverses constriction of airways and slows the release of allergic mediators in an anaphylactic allergic reaction.
epinephrine
Persons who are susceptible to anaphylactic reactions are urged to always carry an injectable form of ____
epinephrine or adrenaline
Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis? Multiple choice question. Itching Convulsions Fever Sneezing Difficulty breathing
fever
In drug allergies, the actual allergen is not the intact drug itself, but a(n) ____ that is given off during liver processing of the drug.
hapten
The actual allergens in drug allergies are ______ that are given off during processing of the drug by the liver.
haptens
The incompatibility of the Rh factor between mother and fetus resulting in maternal antibodies attacking the fetus and triggering complement-mediated lysis of the fetal erythrocytes is an example of a(n) ________ disease.
hemolytic
Although it can be used interchangeably with allergy, experts use the term ________ to refer to a delayed overreaction to an antigen.
hypersensitivity
The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called
immunopathology
Immunology
is the study of defenses that protect against infection.
Immunodeficiencies that are based on genetic errors and present at birth (congenital) are called ____ immunodeficiencies.
primary
Immunodeficiencies that are acquired after birth are called ____ immunodeficiencies.
secondary
If the mother does not receive treatment, the second Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn because the mother's immune system has been ____ for a second contact.
sensitized or primed
The _____ dose is the initial exposure to an allergen that stimulates an immune response.
sensitizing
True or False. Not all cancer cells have immunogenic properties that our immune system can detect and therefore these cancer cells will flourish which may lead to greater disease and even death.
true
True or false: Malignant cancers spread systemically to other organs and can cause significant dysfunction in those organs.
true
A(n) ________ can receive blood from any other human blood type.
universal recipient
The most common secondary immune deficiency is caused by a(n) ____
virus or infection
________ is a drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment.
Antihistamine
____ is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction.
Asthma
____ is the general term for a localized type I allergic reaction.
Atopy or Hypersensitivity
________ is the production of antibodies against self antigens.
Autoimmunity
Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions? Multiple select question. Cross-matching of donors Avoiding the allergen Desensitization therapy Removal of the thymus gland Drug therapy
Avoiding the allergen Desensitization therapy Drug therapy
Which of the following describes a cancer which is self-contained and does not spread to neighboring tissues? Multiple choice question. Malignant Neither benign or malignant Benign Both benign and malignant
Benign
The ____ ____is an antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components.
Blank 1: Rh, Rhesus, or D Blank 2: factor or antigen
Compared to cutaneous anaphylaxis, the ____ of chemical mediators and the ____ of the response are greatly amplified in systemic anaphylaxis.
Blank 1: concentration Blank 2: strength or intensity
Allergens that enter through the mouth are called ____, while allergens that enter through the respiratory tract are called ____.
Blank 1: ingestants Blank 2: inhalants
A person with Type AB blood has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies and can receive from any other blood type, and therefore would be referred to as a(n) ____ ____
Blank 1: universal Blank 2: recipient or acceptor
A person with Type AB blood has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies and can receive from any other blood type, and therefore would be referred to as a(n) ____ ____.
Blank 1: universal Blank 2: recipient or acceptor
Match each allergen type with its mode of entry.
Contactant = Enter through the skin Inhalant = Enter the respiratory tract Ingestant = Enter the GI tract through the mouth Injectant = Enter through the skin by forced penetration
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mast cells and basophils that relates to their role in allergy? Contain granules with cytokines High affinity surface receptors for the Fc region on IgE Located throughout body systems Contain digestive enzymes in cytoplasmic granules Tendency to degranulate
Contain digestive enzymes in cytoplasmic granules
Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis? Multiple select question. Convulsions Prostration Itching Increased blood pressure Difficulties breathing Fever Sneezing
Convulsions Prostration Itching Difficulties breathing Sneezing
Match each type of anaphylaxis with the correct description
Cutaneous = wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to the local infection of allergen Systemic = sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes
________ is a controlled exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction.
Desensitization
Which of the following are common effects of histamine?
Dilation of vascular smooth muscle Wheal-and-flare reaction Increased glandular secretions Intense itching Constriction of smooth muscle
Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies? Multiple select question. Eczema Psoriasis Food allergy Anaphylaxis Hay fever Lupus Drug allergy Asthma
Eczema Food allergy Anaphylaxis Hay fever Drug allergy Asthma
Which characteristics of mast cells and basophils relate to their role in allergic reactions? Multiple select question. Located throughout body systems High affinity for IgG High affinity for IgE Contain granules with cytokines Contain digestive enzymes in cytoplasmic granules Located primarily in lymphatic tissue Tendency to degranulate
High affinity for IgE Located throughout body systems Contain granules with cytokines Tendency to degranulate
________ is the study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response.
Immunopathology
Which of the following best defines an universal donor?
In blood grouping and transfusion, a group O individual whose erythrocytes bear neither antigen A nor B.
Which of the following conditions is not associated with type I allergic reactions? Asthma Hay fever Drug allergy Lupus Food allergy Eczema
Lupus
The signs and symptoms of allergies are caused, not by the allergen itself, but by chemical ____ released by basophils and mast cells.
Mediators
Which of the following can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components?
Rh factor
______ immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth.
Secondary
A second encounter with an allergen would result in which of the following events? Multiple select question. Signs/symptoms appear Massive amounts of cytokines are released Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells Mast cells degranulate T-cells release perforinsv
Signs/symptoms appear Massive amounts of cytokines are released Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells Mast cells degranulate
A second encounter with an allergen would result in which of the following events?
Signs/symptoms appear Mast cells degranulate Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells Massive amounts of cytokines are released
The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
allergy
A(n) _____ is an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
allergy or hypersensitivity
A(n) ____ disease is a pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against self antigens.
autoimmune or autoimmunity
The production of antibodies against self antigens is referred to as _____.
autoimmunity or autoimmune
Which of the following terms are used to describe any cell type which appears to replicate in an uncontrolled manner? Multiple choice question. Hypergrowth Cancer Normal Virus Protozoan
cancer
Which of the following is generally considered the greatest concern regarding anaphylaxis? Multiple choice question. Itching Swelling Bleeding Death Rashes
death
The release of the contents of cytoplasmic granules by basophils and mast cells, in response to allergen binding to IgE receptors, is called ________.
degranulation
When allergens bind to IgE receptors on mast cells, they release the contents of their granules. This is called ____.
degranulation or degranulate
Intentional exposure to known allergens in order to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction is called ____.
desensitization, hyposensitization, or hyposensitivity
True or false: Benign cancers spread systemically to other organs and can cause significant dysfunction in those organs.
false
A(n) ________ disease is defined as a state in which immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed.
immunodeficiency or hyposensitivity
A(n)____ disease is defined as a state in which immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed.
immunodeficiency or hyposensitivity
Which of the following describes a cancer which spreads throughout many regions of the body?
malignant
The healthy immune system detects and destroys _______ cancer cells before tumors can form.
most
Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies include ______.
opportunistic infections recurrent infections
The first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually unaffected because ____ sensitization is usually not completed before birth.
placental or maternal
The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ________.
sensitizing dose
Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal is called ____ anaphylaxis.
systemic
_____ anaphylaxis can sometimes result in death within minutes of its onset.
systemic
______ anaphylaxis is characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal.
systemic
