chapter 16 phys

A normal vital capacity is approximately ________ mL.

4500

A normal tidal volume at rest is approximately ________ mL.

500

A healthy person can normally exhale what percentage of his or her vital capacity in one second?

80

Which of the following occurs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure?

Air moves out of the lung.

What is the significance of the respiratory membrane to facilitate gas exchange?

Epithelial and endothelial cells share a common basement membrane.

What happens to a dust particle that is too small to fall from the inspired air and land in the alveoli?

It is inhaled and then exhaled.

Mycoplasma tuberculosis, the causative agent in tuberculosis, primarily infects the alveolar macrophages and is therefore very fortunate in its size. Why is this statement true?

It is too small to be caught in the mucociliary ladder and too large to be immediately exhaled, thereby landing it in the alveoli.

What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli?

It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed.

Which of the following is TRUE when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity?

The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall.

What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?

They reduce inflammation of the airways.

The COPD called emphysema forces the afflicted to exhale through pursed lips to maintain intrabronchial backpressure, thereby preventing

airway collapse.

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

airway radius

Which cells engulf foreign particles that reach the lungs?

alveolar macrophages

What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone each minute?

alveolar ventilation

What is the volume of the respiratory pathway that is NOT able to exchange gases (conducting pathway) called?

anatomical dead space

Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways?

asthma

The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs?

atmospheric and intra-alveolar

Which pressure is constant during the respiratory cycle?

atmospheric pressure

When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to

atmospheric pressure.

Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration?

both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures

Which of the following varies rhythmically with respiration?

both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure

Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles?

cartilage

Which cells form the mucus escalator?

ciliated cells

How do tractive forces affect the airways during inspiration?

decrease in airway resistance

What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

decreases

What happens to the amount of cilia lining the inner walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

decreases

What happens to the amount of smooth muscle found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

decreases

What happens to the inner diameter of the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

decreases

What happens to the number of goblet cells found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

decreases

As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure ________ and air moves ________ the lungs.

decreases : into

What are the primary inspiratory muscles?

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

electrolyte balance of blood

What is the function of alveolar pores?

equalize pressure in the lungs

In an obstructive disease, the lungs can become overinflated because the difficulty in ________ tends to ________.

expiration : increase residual volume and total lung capacity

A decrease in ________ is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease.

forced expiratory volume

What is the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume called?

functional residual capacity

What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)

functional residual capacity

The volume of air in the lungs at rest, between breaths, is called

functional residual capacity.

Which cells secrete mucus?

goblet cells

Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance?

histamine

What does contraction of the diaphragm cause?

increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure

As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n)

increase in transpulmonary pressure.

Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response?

increased release of corticosteroids

The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following?

inspiratory capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting expiration is called

inspiratory capacity.

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is called

inspiratory capacity.

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting expiration is called

inspiratory reserve volume.

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting inspiration is called

inspiratory reserve volume.

Which of the following has the difference between its pressure and atmospheric pressure driving the air into and out of the lungs?

intra-alveolar pressure

Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration from a negative value during inspiration and a positive value during expiration?

intra-alveolar pressure

Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration but is always negative?

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure equals atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax, causing the lungs to collapse?

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure is created by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall?

intrapleural pressure

The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in ________ for a given change in ________.

lung volume : transpulmonary pressure

Why are alveoli arranged in small grape-like clusters

maximize surface area and minimize thickness

What is the term for the volume of air moved into the lungs every minute?

minute ventilation

At rest, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.

passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

Which of the following is responsible for changes in airway resistance that occur in a single breath?

passive forces exerted on the airways

An ex-smoker with emphysema has a pulmonary erosion into his intrapleural space. What life-threatening condition is he at imminent risk of developing?

pneumothorax (air leaking into the intrapleural space)

Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following?

pneumothorax (the lung will collapse)

Which of the following is NOT involved in altering the resistance of the airway to air movement?

pulmonary surfactant concentration

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

pulmonary ventilation

The intra-alveolar pressure is determined by what two factors?

quantity of air in the alveolus and volume of the alveoli

The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for which of the following?

residual volume

Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer?

residual volume

Functional residual capacity is comprised of which of the following?

residual volume and expiratory reserve volume only

The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximum expiration is called

residual volume.

The transition from the conducting to the respiratory zone in the lungs occurs at the

respiratory bronchioles.

What is the thin barrier (0.2 μm) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called?

respiratory membrane

What is the function of ciliated cells in the conducting zone?

ropel mucus containing trapped particles toward the glottis

The muscles of respiration are

skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.

Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)?

smooth muscle

A(n) ________ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow.

spirometer

What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura?

surface tension of the intrapleural fluid

The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and

surface tension.

What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract?

terminal bronchioles

What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract?

the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration?

the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism

What is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing called?

tidal volume

The volume of air exchanged with the environment during an unforced breath is called

tidal volume.

What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume called?

total lung capacity

The volume of air in the lungs following a maximum inspiration is called

total lung capacity.

Which of the following is a measure of the distending force across the lungs?

transpulmonary pressure

Which pressure is the distending force on the lungs?

transpulmonary pressure

The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is

transpulmonary pressure.

What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs?

type I alveolar cells

Which cells form the lung tissue component of the respiratory membrane?

type I alveolar cells

The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells?

type II alveolar

Which cells secrete surfactant?

type II alveolar cells

A decrease in ________ is indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease.

vital capacity

What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume called?

vital capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration is called

vital capacity.

As the volume of the lung increases, atmospheric pressure

will not change.